Egocentric Thinking Essay Example

Egocentric Thinking Essay How does conducting research move you away from the problem of egocentric thinking that was discussed on page 21 in the Paul and Elder critical thinking booklet? As humans we are sometimes stuck in our own beliefs. We believe what we are told and what we’ve always known. â€Å"We do not naturally appreciate the point of view of others nor the limitations in our own point of view† (Simmons, 2011). By conducting research, we are able to encounter other views that are more factual with actual research behind it. We only have so much to offer based on our experiences. If we research other’s work from around the world, we are now open to so many more possibilities. A critical thinker is one that would research often to find multiple perspectives and then take that information to form an educated response. A non-critical thinker would be the one to stick to their own beliefs based on what they know from personal experience. * How might conducting your inquiry research project contribute to your professional knowledge base, rather than relying on your intuitive knowledge base to make decisions? By conducting my own inquiry research project, I will be able to see many perspectives and ideas related to my topic by professionals from all over. Because I am a new teacher, I really rely on other’s work because they’ve had so much more experience than me. They’ve put in the time for all that research that I would have never known otherwise. We all live in different areas so my research results may only work for the student’s in my area. It’s important to get a variety of research so that you can compile them to get a more well-rounded result. How does the skill of making decisions based on critically reviewing and conducting research differentiate you as a professional educator? By making decisions based on reviewing and research, differentiates me because I am not just taking what I know from my own classroom and sticking with what I know. I am able to research professional articles to open my mind and allow new ideas in. A teacher that researc hes often and tries new ideas in their classroom, will have more of an impact and become a better-rounded professional with much more to add to this profession. We will write a custom essay sample on Egocentric Thinking specifically for you for only $16.38 $13.9/page Order now We will write a custom essay sample on Egocentric Thinking specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer We will write a custom essay sample on Egocentric Thinking specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer

Library Information System Essays

Library Information System Essays Library Information System Essay Library Information System Essay Information System: We are living in the 21st century which is known as the †computer age†, where almost every kind of work is carried out with the help of computer. From the smallest work to the most critical works are carried out with the help of computers. What is more, now with increasing popularity of the internet many important applications have sprung up to make use of this wonderful technology. Many important applications have been designed with the view to communicate information to people all around the world. An information system is an open system that allows input and facilities interaction with the user. In our case †Library Information System† is an open system which allows taking input from the user provide interactive environment to have di? erent output according to user’s need. The library information system maintains the record of Library for the following purpose: 1. For day to day issuing of library books. 2. For fast retrieval of books information. 3. Maintaining information about journals, magazines ,newspapers etc. 4. Information about the vendor’s of books ,journals,newspaper. 5. To produce di? rent reports against di? erent query as per our need. 6. Information about the students and sta? to whom books has been issued. 7. Maintain the record of ? nes. 8. Maintain the record of billing the newspapers, journals etc. 9. Maintain the record maintenance of books. 10. Record of bindings of journals. 1 2. 1Introduction to Initial Investigation: Initial i nvestigation determines whether an alternative system can solve the problem. 2. 2Existing System The present library management system of AEC is to keep record of various books, journals, newspapers, magazines etc to whom they are issued and the vendors and ? es related to the books. The present Library system of AEC is manual, means the librarian maintain the various records in ? les. There is no computer based information system. 2. 3Drawback of the Existing System: The present library system of AEC keeps all its records in paper ? les, which lead to maintaining a lot of ? les and document. This take a lot of time, e? ort and space from the cost involved in it. The addition and maintenance of personnel details of new student to whom books are issued at the beginning of every session as well as the old students who are promoted to the next class, in paper ? es is tiresome, time consuming and costly a? air. The information is kept in an unstructured and unsystematic manner and scatt ered among huge number of ? les. So ? nding of speci? c information needs going through a lot of papers, as proper indexing system is not there. Apart from these, billing of newspapers, journals, calculating total ? ne collected at the end of the month ,year needs a lot of calculation. Then for generating reports separate manual type machine is employed. 2. 4Proposed System: The proposed system aims at making the above system automated and online. The computerized system allows the librarian to calculate the ? ne, the bill by just click of a mouse. The status of a book could be known by knowing the title or author or the accession number of the book. The library form can also be downloaded from it. The software is required to perform the tasks as narrated below: 1. Online membership. 2. Keeps the track of issues and submission of books. 3. Status of b book. 4. Status of a member. 5. Status of the student who has taken the book. 6. Status of the book yet to be returned. 7. Calculation of ? ne. Also various reports will be generated on these topics. The system is also required to provide for 3 levels of access. These are as follows: General User: They have permission to search books in library, change their own password, and can view their own details. Librarian: The librarian is allowed to add, delete and modify the various records related to books and members. He/she can issue books to users. In brief we can say that he/she can maintain the information of the system. Administrator: The administrator has the highest level of access. He/she can creates, modify and delete the account of a member. FEASIBILITY AND REQUIREMENT ANALYSIS 3. 1Introduction Feasibility study is carried to check the workability of the candidate system. It’s impact on the organizational ability to meet the user need and the e? ective use of the system. The object of the feasibility study is not to solve the problem but acquire a sense of its scope. During the study of the de? nition is centralized and aspect of the problem to be included in the system are determined. Consequently cost bene? ts are with great accuracy at this stage. The result of this feasibility study is a normal proposal. There are three key considerations involve in the feasibility study analysis. They are as follows: 3. 1. 1Economic Feasibility Economic Feasibility looks at the ? nancial aspects of the project. It is most frequently used technique for evaluating the e? ectiveness of a proposed system. Economic feasibility is more common known as Cost Bene? t Analysis. The procedure is to determine the bene? ts and savings that are expected from a proposed system and compare them with cost. It bene? t outweighs costs, a decision is taken to design and implement the system. Otherwise, further justi? cation or alternatives in the proposed system will have to be made if it to have a chance of being approved. The proposed system, no doubt require some initial investigation , but it will bene? t the organization in its long run in the form of reduce total number of employees, quick decision making capacity to the management to capture the market occur etc. So, we can say that our project will help the organization in ? nancial gaining at its long run and so it is economically feasible. So, the bene? t expected from the system is much more compared to the cost incurred in computerizing. Hence the system is economically feasible. 3. 1. 2Technical Feasibility Technical Feasibility determines whether the technology needed by the proposed system is available and how this technology can be integrated within the organization. The technical needs of the system may vary considerably but might include: 1. The facility to produce output in a given time 2. Response time under certain conditions 3. Ability to process a certain volume of transaction at a particular speed. 4. Facility to communicate data to distant location During examining the technical feasibility, we have given more importance to the con? guration of the system than the actual make of the hardware con? guration. It provides us a complete picture about our system requirements; like how many workstations are required, how these units are interconnected so that they could operate and communicate smoothly, what speed of input is achieved at particular quality of printing. The proposed system is technically feasible as it examined that the hardware and software is enough at the workplace to carry out the system and also can support addition. The proposed system presents a technically feasible picture since all the resources necessary for the developments of the system under considerations are present in the AEC Library. 3. 1. Operational Feasibility Proposed project are bene? cial only if they can be turned into information systems that will meet the operating requirements of the organization. In general, people resist to changes and computers have been known to facilitate change. An estimate should be made of how strong a reaction the user sta? is likely to have towards the development of a comp uterized system. It is common knowledge that computer installations have something to do with turnover ,transfer, retaining and changes in employee job status. Therefore it is understandable that the introduction of a candidate system requires special e? rt to educate, sell and train the sta? on new ways of conducting business. With the co-operation and understanding of the project development, the whole endeavor becomes not only di? cult but meaningless too. Hence, the operational feasibility is one of the vital factors for the overall success of the project. The proposed system is operationally feasible as: 1. Suitable codes are used to generate reports and queries 2. Although the client organization has not computerized the proposed system but most of the employees are quite familiar with the computer as they have other system already computerized. Moreover, we are providing user manual and help for better understanding and operating system. So , the proposed system is operationally feasible. 3. 1. 4Conclusion From the observation made in the feasibility study described above, it was recommended that proposed system is feasible and justi? ed that the feasibility study could be followed by the system analysis phase. 3. 2Requirement Analysis Information gathering is usually is the ? rst phase of software development project. The purpose of this is to identify and document the exact requirements for the system within the framework of the organization. The requirement analysis must be based upon the user need, the developer and the organization. 3. 2. 1Information Analysis There are four strategies available for determining information requirement. They are as follows: 1. Asking (interviewing) 2. Deriving from the existing information system 3. Review the written documents 4. Synthesizing from the characteristics of the running system In the purpose system the strategies asking and reviewing of the written documents has used for requirement analysis. Presently in the existing system all record are maintained manually. For the development of the proposed system review written documents has done the requirement analysis. Again rule and regulation of the management information system are determined by asking strategy to implement in the proposed system. 4. 1Hardware Requirements: 1. System Type : IBM compatible PC’s 2. Processor: Intel(R) Pentium(R) 4 processor 3. RAM: 512 MB 4. HDD: 40 GB 5. Monitor: Any standard color monitor 4. 2 Software Requirements: 1. Platform: Asp. Net 2. Language Used: C# 3. IDE Used: Microsoft Visual Studio 2008 4. Database: SQL Server 2005 5. OS Used: Windows XP 6. Internet Browser: Any web browser . 3 Technology and Tools Used Microsoft Visual Studio 2008 In computing, Microsoft Visual Studio is an Integrated Development Environment (IDE) from Microsoft. It can be used to develop console and graphical user interface applications along with Windows Forms applications, web sites, web applications, and web services in both native code together with managed code for al l platforms supported by Microsoft Windows, Windows Mobile, Windows CE, . NET Framework, . NET Compact Framework and Microsoft Silver light. Visual Studio includes a code editor supporting IntelliSense as well as code re factoring. The integrated debugger works both as a source-level debugger and a machine-level debugger. Other built-in tools include a forms designer for building GUI applications, web designer, class designer and database schema designer. It accepts plug-ins that enhance the functionality at almost every levelincluding adding support for source-control systems and adding new toolsets like editors and visual designers for domain-speci? c languages or toolsets for other aspects of the software development lifecycle (like the Team Foundation Server client: Team Explorer). Visual Studio supports di? erent programming languages by means of language services, which allow the code editor and debugger to support (to varying degrees) nearly any programming language, provided a language-speci? c service exists. Built-in languages include C/C++ (via Visual C++), VB. NET (via Visual Basic . NET), C# (via Visual C#), and F# (as of Visual Studio 2010). Support for other languages such Python, and Ruby among others is available via language services installed separately. It also supports XML/ XSLT, HTML/ XHTML, JavaScript and CSS. Individual language-speci? versions of Visual Studio also exist which provide more limited language services to the user: Microsoft Visual Basic, Visual J#, Visual C#, and Visual C++. Microsoft provides †Express† editions of its Visual Studio 2010 components Visual Basic, Visual C#, Visual C++, and Visual Web Developer at no cost. Visual Studio 2010, 2008 and 2005 Professional Editions, along with languagespeci? c versions ( Visual Basic, C++, C#, J#) of Visual Studio 2005 are available for free to students as downloads via Microsoft’s Dream Spark program. Visual Studio 2010 is recently released. Designer Visual Studio includes a host of visual designers to aid in the development of applications. These tools include: Windows Forms Designer The Windows Forms designer is used to build GUI applications using Windows Forms. It includes a palette of UI widgets and controls (including buttons, progress bars, labels, layout containers and other controls) that can be dragged and dropped on a form surface. Layout can be controlled by housing the controls inside other containers or locking them to the side of the form. Controls that display data (like textbox, list box, grid view, etc. can be data-bound to data sources like databases or queries. The UI is linked with code using an eventdriven programming model. The designer generates either C# or VB. NET code for the application. WPF Designer The WPF designer, codenamed Cider, was introduced with Visual Studio 2008. Like the Windows Forms designer it supports the drag and drop metaphor. It is used to author user interfaces targeting Wi ndows Presentation Foundation. It supports all WPF functionality including data binding and automatic layout management. It generates XAML code for the UI. The generated XAML ? le is compatible with Microsoft Expression Design, the designer-oriented product. The XAML code is linked with code using a code-behind model. Web designer/development Visual Studio also includes a web-site editor and designer that allow web pages to be authored by dragging and dropping widgets. It is used for developing ASP. NET applications and supports HTML, CSS and JavaScript. It uses a codebehind model to link with ASP. NET code. From Visual Studio 2008 onwards, the layout engine used by the web designer is shared with Microsoft Expression Web. There is also ASP. NET MVC support for MVC technology as separate download and Dynamic Data project available from Microsoft Class designer The Class Designer is used to author and edit the classes (including its members and their access) using UML modeling. The Class Designer can generate C# and VB. NET code outlines for the classes and methods. It can also generate class diagrams from hand-written classes. Data designer The data designer can be used to graphically edit database schemas, including typed tables, primary and foreign keys and constraints. It can also be used to design queries from the graphical view. Mapping designer From Visual Studio 2008 onwards, the mapping designer is used by LINQ to SQL to design the mapping between database schemas and the classes that encapsulate the data. The new solution from ORM approach, ADO. NET Entity Framework, replaces and improves the old technology. Properties Editor The Properties Editor tool is used to edit properties in a GUI pane inside Visual Studio. It lists all available properties (both read-only and those which can be set) for all objects including classes, forms, web pages and other items. Object Browser The Object Browser is a namespace and class library browser for Microsoft . NET. It can be used to browse the namespaces (which are arranged hierarchically) in managed assemblies. The hierarchy may or may not re? ect the organization in the ? le system. Solution Explorer In Visual Studio parlance, a solution is a set of code ? les and other resources that are used to build an application. The ? les in a solution are arranged hierarchically, which might or might not re? ect the organization in the ? le system. The Solution Explorer is used to manage and browse the ? les in a solution. Team Explorer Team Explorer is used to integrate the capabilities of Team Foundation Server, the Revision Control System into the IDE (and the basis for Microsoft’s Code Plex hosting environment for open source projects). In addition to source control it provides the ability to view and manage individual work items (including bugs, tasks and other documents) and to browse TFS statistics. It is included as part of a TFS install and is also available as a download for Visual Studio 2005 and 2008. Team Explorer is also available as a stand-alone environment solely to access TFS services. Data Explorer Data Explorer is used to manage databases on Microsoft SQL Server instances. It allows creation and alteration of database tables (either by issuing T-SQL commands or by using the Data designer). It can also be used to create queries and stored procedures, with the latter in either T-SQL or in managed code via SQL CLR. Debugging and IntelliSense support is available as well. Server Explorer The Server Explorer tool is used to manage database connections on an accessible computer. It is also used to browse running Windows Services, performance counters, and Windows Event Log and message queues and use them as data source. Microsoft SQL Server 2005 SQL Server 2005 (codenamed Yukon), released in October 2005, is the successor to SQL Server 2000. It included native support for managing XML data, in addition to relational data. For this purpose, it de? ned an xml data type that could be used either as a data type in database columns or as literals in queries. XML columns can be associated with XSD schemas; XML data being stored is veri? ed against the schema. XML is converted to an internal binary data type before being stored in the database. Specialized indexing methods were made available for XML data. XML data is queried using XQuery; CLR Integration was the main features with this edition where one could write SQL code as Managed Code these are those code which are being executed by CLR (Common Language Runtime). SQL Server 2005 added some extensions to the T-SQL language to allow embedding XQuery queries in T-SQL. In addition, it also de? nes a new extension to XQuery, called XML DML that allows querybased modi? cations to XML data. SQL Server 2005 also allows a database server to be exposed over web services using TDS packets encapsulated within SOAP (protocol) requests. When the data is accessed over web services, results are returned as XML. For relational data, T-SQL has been augmented with error handling features (try/catch) and support for recursive queries (Common Table Expressions). SQL Server 2005 has also been enhanced with new indexing algorithms and better error recovery systems. Data pages are check summed for better error resiliency, and optimistic concurrency support has been added for better performance. Permissions and access control have been made more granular and the query processor handles concurrent execution of queries in a more e? cient way. Partitions on tables and indexes are supported natively, so scaling out a database onto a cluster is easier. SQL CLR was introduced with SQL Server 2005 to let it integrate with the . NET Framework. SQL Server 2005 introduced †MARS† (Multiple Active Results Sets), a method of allowing usage of database connections for multiple purposes. 5. 1Introduction: The design process translates requirements into a representation of the software that can be assessed for quality before coding begins. Once the requirements have been collected and analyzed, it is necessary to identify in detail how the system will be constructed to perform the necessary tasks. The design activity is often divided into 2 separate phases. One is system design and the other is detail design. System Design: System design aims to identify the modules that should be in the system, the speci? cation of these modules and how they interact with each other to produce the desired result. System design describes what components are needed. Detail Design: During detail design the internal logic of the modules speci? ed in the system design is decided. Detail design focuses on designing the logic of each of the modules. Detail design describes how the components identi? ed during system design can be implemented on the system. 5. 2System Design The web enable system for Asaam Engineering College Library has at present three modules with a number of sub modules. The following system design documents focuses detail on these modules and the speci? cation of these modules. The software modules of this web enable system are : Administrator Module 1. Create and delete account 2. System backup 3. View record Member Module 1. View record 2. Compile record 3. Enter record 4. Update record 5. Delete record 6. Generate reports User Module 1. View record 5. 3Detail Design During detailed design the internal logic of each of the modules speci? ed in system design is decided. The main aim of the detail design is to explain how the system work or how the ? ow of data takes place within the system. Detailed design deals with system speci? cation. 5. 3. 1 Abstract Representation of the proposed system Before making the detailed design of a system, ? rst the most abstract representation of the problem is worked out. The following use case diagram gives the working of the proposed system. 5. 3. 2The Uni? d Modeling Language: The uni? ed modeling language (UML) is a language just as sure as C, C++, Pascal, German, English etc. And the UML is probably the newest languages invented by human kind, invented around 1997. The UML is used to build models that will later be used to build real products, in our case Software. A model is a collection of text and diagram that represents something. A model is to software that a blueprint is to a house. Models are valuable for many speci? c reasons. Models are valuable because they consist of pictures to a large extent and even simple pictures can convey a lot of message then a lot of text. The UML is an o? cial de? nition of a pictorial language where there are common symbols and relationships that have one common meaning. The UML supports all aspects of SDLC from requirements gathering to design to development. There are mainly types of diagrams in the UML. The major types are: 5. 3. 1. 1Use Case Diagrams: Use case diagrams are a part of the requirements gathering process and are used in highlevel design to identify fundamental requirements of a system. It describes the participants and is also helpful in developing test plans. A use case’s main symbols are the actor and the use case oval. Use case diagrams are called the mother of all other diagrams of the UML. It gives the static view of a system and focuses on goals not processes. 5. 3. 1. 2Activity Diagram: Activity diagram are like ? ow charts but are more ? exible by supporting parallel application and by dividing areas of responsibility into swim lanes. Activity diagrams are used to analyze processes and if necessary, perform re-engineering. 5. 5 Data Tables A database is a collection of inter-related data, stored with minimum redundancy to serve many users quickly and e? ciently. The primary objectives of a database are fast response time to queries, more information at low cost, control redundancy, clarity and ease of use, accuracy and integrity of the system, fast recovery, privacy and security of information, data and program independence and availability of powerful end user language. The heart of a database is the DBMS. System analysis clears that all data used by process must be derived directly from input documents and reports are to be retrieved from the database ? les. The database of Library Information System† is a collection of di? erent types of information. So it has di? erent tables to access the information easily and e? ciently. Also the data redundancy is checked in the database. To get a nice understanding of the database, we have divided the database into several tables which are as follows. 1. Book Information: The Book Information store the all related information regarding a book. Table 1: Book Information ELEMENT NAME DATA TYPE CONSTRAINT Accession no nvarchar Not null Title nvarchar Not null Author nvarchar Not null Publisher nvarchar Not null Volumme nvarchar Not null Edition year nvarchar Not null nvarchar Not null Source 2. Member Information: Member Information table store the details of a member. The member may be a student, stu? or the librarian. 3. Card Inforamtion: This table stores the information regarding a card. 4. Transaction Table:: This table stores the transaction information of a book. Table 2: Member Information ELEMENT NAME DATA TYPE CONSTRAINT Member id nvarchar Not null nvarchar Not null Roll no Name nvarchar Not null nvarchar Not null Branch Session nvarchar Not null Town/Vill nvarchar Not null nvarchar Not null Dist Table 3: Card Information ELEMENT NAME DATA TYPE CONSTRAINT Card no nvarchar Not null nvarchar Not null Issue date Due date nvarchar Not null Table 4: Transaction Table ELEMENT NAME DATA TYPE CONSTRAINT User id nvarchar Not null Accesion no nvarchar Not null Issue date nvarchar Not null Return date nvarchar Not null Due date nvarchar Not null 5. User Login Form: This table contains data regarding log in information. Table 5: Transaction Table ELEMENT NAME DATA TYPE CONSTRAINT User id nvarchar Not null nvarchar Not null password roles nvarchar Not null Database normalization for the Library Information System The Library Information System is normalized up to BCNF (Boyee Coded Normal Form). st Normal Form: No column in the database contains multiple values, so the database is in the 1st Normal Form. 2nd Normal Form: Every Non key attributes fully functionally dependant on the primary key. Hence it is in 2nd Normal form. 3rd Normal Form: All non key columns do not depend on any other columns . Hence the database is in 3rd Normal Form. 4th Normal Form: A relation R is in BCNF if and only if every determinant is a candidate ke y. All the tables in the Library Information System ful? ll the condition. Hence the database is in BCNF. 6. 1Introduction: A system should always be tested thoroughly before implementing it with regards to its individual programs, the system as a whole, user acceptance etc. This is because implementing a new system is a major job which requires a lot of manpower, time and other resources. There are many levels of testing which ultimately leads to an error free system. The testings which are carried out is described below: 6. 1. 1 Program Testing: The program testing is carried out during the programming stages itself to test the logical and syntax error. 6. 1. 2 Unit Testing: In the unit testing di? rent modules were tested against the speci? cation produced during design of the module. When this testing was done with di? erent modules, some errors were detected and debugged and when modules were found to be working properly independently, next round of testing was followed. 6. 1. 3 String Testing: String testing is a method in which each program is tested to see whether it conforms to the related progra ms in the system. Each portion of the library management system was tested against the entire module with both test and live data before the entire system is ready to test. 6. 1. 4 System Testing: It was done to uncover the weakness that was not found during string testing. The whole system tested to see whether it works properly with valid and invalid data. The system was also tested for recovery after various major failures such as power failure etc. 6. 1. 5 Acceptance Testing: It is the system testing and performance tests performed by the customer to determine whether or not to accept the system. The library information system was accepted by the system. Implementation includes those activities that take place to convert the older system to the new one. The new system may be totally new or replacing an existing. In either case proper modi? cation is essential to provide a reliable system to meet the organization requirements. System implementation describes how the di? erent parts of the system are interacting with each other to give us a feasible software solution. The project is implemented on 3-tier architecture. It is installed on SQL server and which can be accessed by all users. This application is secured by putting user name and password, a user has to enter login details to the system. Figure 1: How the Application works The web server receives a request for some processing. Depending on the sent request the web server passes the request is forwarded to the respective request handler class and after the processing is done. The required data is fetched from the database, the required result i. e. response is passed to the client. Any further request from the client to the server goes through the same procedure. Once the software is developed, delivered and deployed, it enters the maintenance phase. Changes are inevitable when computer based systems are built, therefore mechanism for evaluating, controlling, and making modi? cations has to be adopted. These are called the maintenance activities they include: 1. Corrective Maintenance 2. Adaptive Maintenance 3. Perfective Maintenance or enhancement 4. Perfective Maintenance or reengineering Software may have some errors or bugs remaining in the system that must be removed as they are discovered. This is called corrective maintenance. Once the software system is deployed, the environment in which it operates changes. The software must adapt to the changed environment. The maintenance due to this phenomenon is called the adaptive maintenance. Software must be upgraded and enhanced to include more features and provide more services. As a result new versions of the software are released. This is called perfective maintenance or software enhancement. Reengineering is a rebuilding activity for added functionality, better performance and reliability, and improved maintainability of the software product. Unmaintainable software is subjected to rebuild following a reengineering process model. CONCLUSION 9. 1Introduction: The main concerns of the software development are software quality, programmer’s productivity and increase job satisfaction. The fundamental problems of software development are control of complexity, the lack of physical constraints, and boundaries in software and tendency to mix concerns that belong to di? rent level of abstraction. Finally, it is a people intensive activity for developing software for its use by other people. The †Library Information System† is designed and developed to satisfy the organization needs as far as possible. The Library Information System has built after an extensive research and evaluation of the existin g manual system. The main aim of the system is to maintain the records of the membership registration and the book issued to the member with the very best of accuracy and e? ciency. The purpose system is economically, technically and behaviorally feasible and is incorporated with some security measure so hat only authorized personal can manipulate the record. While developing this software we have tried to consider all the points, may be due to time constraint we may miss some valuable points for which we apologize to the concerned people. Any comments or suggestion that can improve the software are welcome. 9. 2 Overview of the System The proposed system covers the following area and processes: 1. Member’s registration 2. To maintain the record of individual member’s in detail 3. Status of the book. 4. No. of books available subject wise. 5. User friendly interfaces. Limitation of the Propose System The limitations of the purpose system are as follows: 1. † The system cannot give information about the vendors. 2. The data implementation with SQL server. 3. Security consideration and implementation is left to the database . administrator. 4. Need the help of manual system. 9. 4Scope and Further Enhancement of the Propose System: 1. The process of maintaining the detail information of the vendor can be included. 2. More enhancements can be identi? ed when the system is in the operation or used by di? rent users. ABSTRACT This report describes our group’s implementation of an online library information system. We used the Entity-Relationship model to design a database that will store and organize the library’s data. We have created the database using SQL and populated it with some sample data. The system can keep track of library cards, users, librarians, administrator, books and the relationships betwee n them. Using ASP. NET with C#, we have created an Internet-based graphical user interface that allows users and librarians to access the system remotely

A need for offender Programs and Treatments before Release Research Proposal

A need for offender Programs and Treatments before Release - Research Proposal Example In fact, it is apparent that one of the major fueling factors to such incidences is the lack of self esteem, which is worsened by continued psychological torture. Studies have documented that such people can be helped by a way of instilling some appropriate programs that can mentor them. If this is done, Alabama Department of Corrections would benefit from advantages accrued to the use of these programs in terms of helping the offenders correct their behaviors. This has the end results of reducing prison overcrowding. In essence, this is true because once an offender is subjected into these programs; he/she is able to start a new life free from crimes. Although the criminal justice system helps the community by arresting and incarcerating criminals, it is apparent that there are many criminals walking freely in the streets. Some of these criminals are associates of incarcerated persons (May, 2008). In this regard, if the incarcerated persons are reformed through offender programs and prelease programs, they can influence their uncaught counterparts in changing their behaviors. Therefore, this goes a long way in enhancing security and sanity in the community. It is also apparent that once these measures have been taken by Alabama Department of Corrections, other correctional centers will emulate steps taken by Alabama Department of Corrections in order to advance their services too. In fact, this translates to savings by government. For example, it is evident that correctional facilities consume a lot of Dollars annually in the bid to reform offenders. In light with this, the government can save the money used to reform offenders since the number of cases of recidivism will be reduced by the introduction of offender programs and preleases treatment. Furthermore, studies have also suggested that states with high levels of crimes experience low economic growth. Therefore, the findings of this research will help to develop a framework that can elucidate the use of offender programs and prelease treatment, which in turn will be of great help to the economic development of Alabama State. The budget With these facts tabled, it is apparent that this research is indispensable. However, there are some requirements for the research to take place. One of them is the ability by the researcher o gather comprehensive data both from literatures and fast hand information, which is intended to be obtained from offenders, former incarcerated persons, and officers from Alabama Department of Corrections. For this to happen, the research would require enough time and resources to carryout the research. The first ingredient of the budget involves project/research planning. It is vital to carefully plan on such an important project. This will involve outlining the project and making all necessary consultations from relevant authorities. The first group of people to consult/confirm their participation in the study is the offenders and ex-offenders. In order to ac hieve this, phone call, and several visits will be required. This translates to spending money in terms of fares and airtime to use on calls and other resources. It is also important to visit several libraries in order to gather some information on theories that articulate on crime and behavior. This means that the research will

Final Exam - Case Analysis Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

Final Exam - Case Analysis - Essay Example It is imperative that these professionals understand that once they incorporate the organization it will be operating under the laws regulating any other business entity and this therefore calls for critical scrutiny of the advantages and disadvantages of such a move. The group is likely to derive a number of benefits from the incorporation that include; Separate Legal Entity: an incorporated organization has a distinct legal personality from its members. In this respect it is can sue and be sued in its individual capacity. This is important to these professionals since they will be provided by a formal legal status. Incorporation will also lead to Limited Liability on the part of the members of the organization (Hopkins, 1417). In this case the professionals will not be personally liable for the debts and obligations of the organization with exception of some circumstances where the directors may incur personal liability. The organization is entitled to perpetual existence and in th is case even if members change, this noble organization will continue to exist unless dissolution is to be executed in line with the Companies Act. Once the members incorporate the organization they will be able to own property in the name of the organization’s name. ... s organization is likely to enjoy is eligibility to be exempted from some federal and state corporate income taxes in addition to other taxes (Hopkins, 21). Other miscellaneous benefits that can be derived from incorporating this group into a nonprofit making organization is possible real and personal property taxes exemptions, cheaper advertising rates, relatively cheaper postal rates and broadcast announcements and advertisements. The professionals also need to look into the demerits of incorporating this organization as a not for profit entity. Among the challenges the organization is likely to encounter are a lot of paper work in various forms. There is the cost of hiring legal officers to help in preparing the incorporation papers, energy and time required for compliance with the legal regulatory guidelines to grow the organization. The team will also have to grapple with restrictions on nonpayment of directors, no lobbying or engagement in political campaigns and when the organ ization is to wind up all the property are to be transferred to another nonprofit making entity (Hopkins, 21). The team of professionals in this case need to analyses and compare the merits and demerits and make an informed decision. This is a team of professionals offering educational services to various people in different social settings. As a nonprofit making organization it would be advisable to incorporate it as educational and literacy society. This will fit the educational and literacy services they offer as professionals in different disciplines in the society. This would be suitable and a viable venture since they have already undertaken field test and proved able with positive client feedback. It is mandatory that for them to incorporate the organization some legal procedure must

No topic Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words - 1

No topic - Essay Example For America, the 1960s was a year of assassinations. Really the only time since the 19th century that political assassinations had been successful, these assassinations made a scar on the American psyche. Two of the most important of these assassinations occurred in the year 1968, very close to each other. The first was the assassination of Martin Luther King Jr., the bold civil rights leader who had inspired millions of black Americans and help end segregation and vicious Jim Crowe laws in the south, especially with the passing of civil rights legislation in 1964. Shortly following Mr. King’s assassination, Robert Kennedy, then presidential candidate, was also shot dead. These assassinations changed the way public figures had to interact with the public, and, along with president Kennedy’s assassination earlier in the decade, caused a shift in which much greater barriers were put up between public figures and the general population, out of necessity. These assassinatio ns were indicative of the social upheaval that climaxed in the year 1968. Many of the best known protest movements of the 1960s had major expressions in this year. For one thing, the year saw protest movements and civil disturbances at a number of universities, including â€Å"one of the largest† at Howard university, which built up to the eventual protest and massacre at Kent State two years later (Forner 884). These were based around a number of issues, but the biggest was the growing opposition to the Vietnam war. Vietnam War opposition may have peaked several years after 1968, but this was probably the year that shifted public perception to being almost entirely negative. Many factors caused this shift, including growing American casualties. Some of the most culturally important, however, may have been the massacres that occurred and became public knowledge over the course of 1968. The most famous of these may have been the My Lai massacre, in which American forces killed somewhere in the order of 500 civilian Vietnamese, while South Korean forces were also accused of massacres elsewhere in the country. These massacres were recorded and broadcast to America through photography at a rate unprecedented in former wars – photographs of these sorts would be essential at turning public opinion against wars in general, and against Vietnam in particular. Question 2: How did Vietnam and the Watergate Scandal effect trust in the government? Vietnam and the Watergate scandal were both devastating to public trust in government offices. Vietnam was a long and slow erosion whereas the Watergate scandal was something of an immediate drop in public perception of the government. Vietnam, over the long term, was probably the more damaging (from the government’s perspective) of the two. The fact is that the Vietnam war was seen as a debacle in nearly every front. It was expensive both monetarily in terms of lives lost, while providing almost no benefit. Worse, it made the United States seem like butchers and villains both on the international stage and to civilians back home – people saw the â€Å"realities of warfare† (991), which, especially with a conscripted force, involve things like massacres, rapes, and other brutalities that people were not able to handle. This war made Americans suspect of

Effective Social Work Approaches

Effective Social Work Approaches To practice without a theory is to sail an uncharted sea; theory without practice is not to set sail at all Susser 1968 cited in Lishman, 2005 pg 87. Therefore, this essay uses the task centred approach and the solution focused therapy to explain what is happening in the Banks family and how it affects Mark. It will predict Marks future behaviour and it will suggest a plan of actions for intervention in order to make a difference in Marks life. The problems identified in the banks family are; Marks bullying behaviours, both at school and at home, his failure to form relationships with his counterparts, and lack of progress in his education. The essay will discuss the similarities and differences in the identified theories. It will also investigate the advantages and disadvantages of each of the theories. At the same time, the essay will explain how the concept of the anti discriminatory practice can be employed to underpin the interventions whilst using the identified theories. Theoretically, Social work is influenced by the relationship between theory and practice from different perspectives in meeting the clients unique needs in a desired situation and at a particular period of time (Coulshed, 1988). Again, applying theory to practice involves different schools of thought whereas practitioner-client relationship maybe a difficult subject (Taylor and Devine, 1993). However the mandate here is to explain two major theories or approaches but highlights on a third is necessary. Firstly, Solution focused approach developed by Ericksons (1963) and De Shazer (1972) at the therapy centre in Milwaukee, Wisconsin. The theory is regarded as a positive solution building approach focusing on the client. Clearly the aim is to explore the principles of anti-oppressive practice and involving the client in finding a solution to their problems. This approach does not focus on the past but what is happening in the present and future. It is focusing on two important issues, supporting clients to preferably explore their own future and taking into consideration when, where, with whom and how is it all happening to reach the desired outcomes in a shortest route. The features of solution based approach is to keep the client at the centre of their activity and encouraging them to bring about problems that need attention, furthermore, move from the problems to make slight changes in their behaviour and make some improvements. Nevertheless, it is assumed that clients feel part of their problems. The key concept of this approach is that focus is based upon the here and know with positive thinking and avoiding pre-judgmental. Above all solution based approach has no time limit as it tries to move from the centre to where clients can feel happier by reducing the problems step by step. In another of school of thought, task-centred approach has been considered as a structured way of working with clients in a time limit framework. The most important part of the task-centred approach is partnership and empowerment; this involves two or more people working with a common purpose. Moreover, this theory builds on clients strength and avoids talking about their faults by providing the necessary help they need. According to coulshed (1988), those trying to bring about models for ethnic-sensitive practice favour task-centred approach that promotes anti-oppressive practice (Doel and marsh, 1992). Task centred is unique in that it breaks down the problems into small manageable components, it involves the social worker and the service user identifying the main problem(s) and then working out how to reformulate them in to easily manageable tasks. After the tasks have been agreed the next step is to divided them between the social work and the service user and then decide who is going to work on which task and over what period of time. Using this approach the social worker and service user look very closely at the presenting problem(s) and reformulating them into a range of small practical tasks. The task centred approach fits together well with anti discriminatory practice because it encourages the social worker to do what they do best by bring their expertise into the relationship and work alongside the service user. Okitikpi et al, (2010) argues that the core aspects of the task centered approach that include working with partnership, collaboration, service users strengths, building on confidence, systematic and responsive communication are the same core elements that characterise ADP. Task-centred approach is seen to be effective with interpersonal concerns like those of mark. (Ramos and Tolson 2008 cited in Hepworth 2010 pg 379) Says that this theory is, incompatible with mandated clients who refuse help or are unable to identify changes that they wish to change. By direct contrast, the third approach, Attachment theory by Bowlby (1973) which grew out of rejection of some aspects of psychoanalysis and childhood raring with no separation could have been used but it is not relevant in this case study. Examining the influence of the task-centre approach and the solution-focused therapy, there are similarities and differences which have to be highlighted. Firstly, the case scenario of the Banks family clearly indicates that there need to be an intervention process by using the task-centred approach or solution-focused approach. Ride and Epstein (1972) hypothesised on the task-centred approach as effective and more durable. Time-limit on the approach shows that changes could occur rapidly as all participants are motivated (Maslow, 1943). This involves eight areas of concern among which Behavioural problems, reactive emotional distress and difficulty in role performance are selected target problem areas. However, there are steps to be taken in task-centred approach: The first step is problem exploration, Agreement; second step is, formulating an objective, achieving the task(s), and finally terminations stage. To start with there were behavioural problems identified in the case of Mar k, like yelling, fighting and disruptive. But as required the focus here is to move from what is wrong to what is needed to be done. Similar to the task centred approach is the solution focused approach; it is action oriented and uses a number of strategic questions to find out the solution to a series of problems that the client has. (Trepper et al 2006) cited in Hepworth (2010. Pg. 356). When using TCA with minors like Mark, the tasks involved in this are that there is need to work with the parents and teachers in a collaborative and anti-oppressive way to solve the problems, discuss basic care needs interest in how to help Mark to do his work in class, and work on his tantrums and arguments, discuss with parents how to get Mark to interact with other children and make arrangements for Mark to visit his father in order to came him down. (Enos 2008) cited in Hepworth (2010. Pg. 357) argues that lack of mandated contact from a family member can cause fear, a sense of failure, concer ns about status and use the attitudinal weapons at their disposal may react with anger and a minimum refuse to cooperate. Marks parents need to reduce his inappropriate behaviour by developing skills to improve parent-child relationships for instance, listening and negotiating skills, teach Mark skills of approaching others, how to introduce himself, interact with others by engaging in conversations. In evaluating the two approaches in the scenario there are advantages and disadvantages. In the solution-focused therapy, Mark is the focus and his self esteem is promoted. The problem is the primary concern not the client. SFA offers a positive approach working with the service users. The emphasis of engaging the service user to talk about solutions not just problems is an empowering method. The commitment to service users empowerment, a focus on strengths and service users capacities towards improving their situations and reaching solutions is a significant contribution. In contrast, there is negative focus and there will be problem as poor communication skills will lead to poor practice by social workers. Some aspects of the SFA have been criticised for being directive in nature in particular the assessing of tasks and the emphasis on solutions. Research conducted by the family therapist using the approach revealed discrepancies between the clients experiences and the observations made by their therapists related to the outcomes, (Metcalf et al 1996) (Cited in Hepworth 2010 pg.406). Storm (1991) and Lipchik (1997) cited in Hepworth 2010 pg. 406) maintain as a result of their work the primary focus on adherence to solution was embarrassing to some clients. The positive trust of the approach prevents the service user from discussing their real problems and to avoid talking about their concerns. In the task-centred approach, the problem is the main concern not Mark. He is empowered, considering his self esteem and independence. The approach is short termed and time-limited. In contrast, there is lack of motivation in this approach, the underlying problem has not been addressed, there is tendency that social workers might force Mark through coaching as to complete tasks. Payne (1997) cited in Wilson et al (2008 pg371) suggests task centred approach may not be effective in situations where there are constant difficulties, where long-term psychological problems are the main issues or where users do not accept the right of the social worker or the agency to be involved. Reflecting in this case scenario it is seen that Ken comes from a dysfunctional family which made him spend most of his teenage life in the care of the local authority and this may have affected him psychologically and he may not want to cooperate with the social worker in order to make the approach effective. Doel and Marsh (1992) suggest the service users ability to think and reason is a key ingredient to the success of the approach. In those cases where social work is appropriate but where the reasoning is impaired such as people with considerable learning difficulties or great degree of confusion, task-centred work is often not possible in direct work with that person, (Doel and Marsh 1942 cited in Wilson et al 2008 pg 99). However in the case scenario all the family members are in sound mental state so the approach is suitable. A further disadvantage of task-centred is that where a wide range of problems is experienced, each of which interacts with other problems which threaten to over whelm the family the approach seems rather a weak response. It is argued that unless one is able to deal with problems on many fronts, the combination of these problems will continue to undermine the functioning of family members. For example if one family member has the capacity to reason, but when other members of the family are not prepared to engage in the same process and consistently undermine the efforts of the social worker and service user, the approach may not achieve much. In relation to the case scenario the approach will not be effective if Mark who has multiple problems refuses to cooperate. In conclusion effective social work practice is based on principles and the application of theories or approaches give to different explanations and lead to different practice (Howe, 1987). According to research in to service-users views of social work practice has highlighted that effective practice depends on the combination of good interpersonal skills and clear, organised practice. It is argued that when social work activities are clearly focused, problems clearly identified and specified goals set with service users, then studies produce positive results. This essay has looked at two approaches and how they can be used by a social worker to help engage the Banks family in order to get the necessary support to improve Marks behaviour problems.

Kipling’s Notions of Race in Plain Tales from the Hills Essay -- Essay

Kipling’s Notions of Race in Plain Tales from the Hills "No other Western writer has ever known India as Kipling knew it" "nobody can teach you British India better than Rudyard Kipling" "There will always be plenty in Kipling that I will find difficult to forgive; but there is also enough truth in these stories to make them impossible to ignore". Salman Rushdie, "Kipling", from Imaginary Homelands, London: Granta Books, 1991, 74-80. It may be discerned from the quotes displayed above that Rushdie, a writer not renowned for suffering fools gladly, accords Kipling some epistemological superiority. Yet when examining images of race and blood in Kipling, the critic turns most frequently to Kim, and I contend that the short stories of Plain Tales from the Hills have been undeservedly neglected in favour of the longer novel. This brief essay examines issues of alterity, going native, empire and blood in Plain Tales from the Hills. The short story "Lispeth" is a particularly rich field from which to examine notions of alterity. Kipling’s narrator points out that "It takes a great deal of Christianity to wipe out uncivilized Eastern instincts"(4). It would be tempting, given the author’s reputation as a right-wing apologist for empire, to take this comment at face value. However, I believe that "Lispeth", as a text, is centrally critical of the British in India. The missionaries and the young Briton that Lispeth idolises are repeatedly shown as being racially arrogant and duplicitous. Witness the Chaplain’s wife’s description of Lispeth’s love as a "barbarous and indelicate folly", while maintaining that the deceitful "Englishman,†¦ was of a superior clay". Similarly, after the Chaplain’s wife says that "There is no law w... ...ived from England, he was uneasy about many of the central pillars of the British will to power in India, such as the police, government, and missionary church. Kipling is guilty of a middle-class tendency to romanticise private soldiers and racial stereotypes, such as Mulvaney, or the "woild" and "dissolute" Pathan. Yet he should not be dismissed as unworthy of further study, and the common critical tendency that consigns him, along with Edmund Burke, to the dustbin of right-wing writers is intellectually weak, unquestioning and manifestly uncritical Useful Links: Imperial Archive Website: http://www.qub.ac.uk/english/imperial/imperial.htm Kipling Society Webpage http://www.kipling.org.uk/ The Victorian Web: http://landow.stg.brown.edu/victorian/kipling/kiplingov.html Bibliography: Kipling, Rudyard. Plain Tales from the Hills. London: Penguin, 1994.

One girl one dream Essay

      This knew that this wasn’t the end of the man, he would be back, but next time I will hopefully be a bit more prepared. â€Å"Eleza is that you? † Cried a soft voice â€Å"Mum? Mum is that you? † I didn’t think it was possible â€Å"Eleza I knew you would come back† she replied â€Å"I have to go mum sorry, I can’t get close to you because it will rip you apart when I leave again, sorry† I shouted while running away down the street â€Å"No Eleza no! I can’t cope without you† screeched mum That was the last time I ever saw my mum. Gun shots were fired shortly after I had left, and I just assumed that the police heard her and found out where she was hiding. I knew that the police would be after me soon so I searched refuge on the out skirts of the village, fortunately a couple were also on the run from the police so I went into a home with them, it wasn’t an amazing home but at least it provided a roof over my head and food for my empty stomach. â€Å"Why are you running from the police? † I questioned the couple, â€Å"because of our religion, people here do not support our beliefs and say that we don’t belong in this community† they stopped, they were going to say more but they could see that I was too tired to listen and so they rested my head in the cloth and rug bed they had made up for me, I thanked them. I started to shiver as it got later into the night so I moved my bed closer to the raging fire to keep warm. I woke up the next morning still feeling incredibly tired because I didn’t sleep very well. The couple were very kind to me, for breakfast they gave me a cup of milk and also a piece of bread. Once I had finished eating my food I told the couple what my situation was and what my plans are, they took it as quite a surprise but understood completely and even offered to help out. Knowing that they were old enough to earn a living I stayed along side them for many days. Later on that evening we gathered around the beaming fire and chatted for hours and hours, that was until there was a knock at the door, â€Å"shh, Eleza hide quickly† said the couple silently. I tip toed towards the wooden toy chest and climbed in. â€Å"open up! † demanded a strong deep voice, The woman opened the door to the strange dark clothed man. â€Å"on the floor, now! † he shouted again The did as he said, I couldn’t see everything but I could see through a little hole in the side of the chest. Even before the couple could have a chance to speak, the man shot them both in the head. As that bullet pierced into their skull I cringed and couldn’t bare the sight, I wanted to cry but any noise could give me the same shot to the head. The strange dark man left, dragging the 2 bodies behind him. I broke out of the toy chest and went to the bathroom; I splashed water onto my face to revive my self, I knew it wasn’t worth getting worked up about as I already had a mission to complete. But this incident just made me more determined to get back at the mayor. What’s next? – Chapter 11 Screaming with silent rage I crept through the village of murderers. My mind was spinning and I had headaches slicing in and out my skull. I noticed the mayor walking down the street, I followed not too far behind, by the looks of it he was walking towards the forest, I wanted to go see if Oscar was ok but didn’t want to chance getting caught. I gave up on following the mayor because he walked into a building and then just disappeared out of sight. I then focused on getting into the forest to see the construction so far. It had been raining the night before so the way up the hill was wet and slippery, I fell many times, but easily managed to get back up again. When I finally reached the top of the hill I saw that the construction hadn’t progressed much at all. I went around back to see more, â€Å"Eleza.. PST.. Eleza over here† came a whisper from behind. â€Å"hey, how are you here, I saw you had a arrow in your back, you cant be alive! † I stepped back in shock, â€Å"that was a tranquiliser, the guard saw me and assumed I was trying to steal the blueprint, so shot me simple mistake, I’m sorry I scared you like that. † â€Å"are you still willing to help me then? † I wanted to get this over with so I wasn’t going to laze about. â€Å"don’t worry about the building Eleza, since you’ve been gone I have spoken to the mayor and many arguments were fought, but I have managed to convince them to make the building eco friendly. It will cost a lot more money to make but you are the reason why many animals in this forest will be preserved and protected well done! † â€Å"thank-you for doing this for me, how can I repay you for this? † I felt incredibly happy that someone was inspired by me. â€Å"come down to the mayors office with me tonight, I think he wants to talk to you† replied the boy. â€Å"are you mad! I will be killed! † I shouted â€Å"no seriously I can honestly say that you are safe with me, please trust me as I trusted you before† pleaded the boy I felt that if I didn’t go then it would be mean because he had helped me out a great deal and I should help him in return. â€Å"ok then, but if anything should go wrong then may your thoughts be guilty for ever† I accepted to see what the mayor wanted. I went off into the forest to get ready for tonight, I found Oscar beneath a big branch where we once stayed. He followed me down to the lake, I took a swim to clean off so not to get bad impressions with the mayor. The time passed and by the time I had dried off and got back to the construction site it was already time to go. â€Å"come on then we best get a move on† I said while already walking. We reached the mayors present house on time, we knocked on the door and waited for a response. Helping out- chapter 12 â€Å"Enter please† spoke a well mannered butler â€Å"Just stay calm and when the mayor wants to talk then let him† demanded the boy â€Å"Hello Eleza, I have heard many stories of you, I understand that you like to stand up for what you believe in, am I right? † said the mayor in a strong voice â€Å"Yes, you are correct† I answer in the simplest way possible â€Å"I want you to do a favour for me, I will pay for your food and sleeping place, you wonder why, but I really do think that you have the courage we need, do you think you can manage to stand up for what you believe in even if the opposition is bigger?. † I thought for a while before proclaiming my reply, â€Å"I would love to take hold of the responsibility of helping out, but do not understand why you would choose me to do this, I was being chased by your men the other day, how can I know that I can trust you? † I still wasn’t convinced but if what he was saying was true then I would be overwhelmed and hopefully do a good job. â€Å"Ok, I guess I should tell you now, I haven’t been completely straight with you, I will look after the forest here for you, but you must leave to southern Africa to do a job for me, flight is paid for, and you will be helping the green team to help decrease the amount of de forestation, and also in your free time you will be helping the smaller children in the schools but if you do not accept this then your precious forest will be burned to the ground for my house to be bigger! So the choice is yours. † It wasn’t much of a choice so I just did what I had to and agreed to go. â€Å"I will go but Oscar must be able to fly over with me! † â€Å"I’m sorry but it is illegal for wild animals like Oscar to fly over on the plane with you† I knew he was right so I just gave in, but made sure that he is promised to be looked after by the mayor. I looked back and went to talk to my friend, â€Å"I’ve never been to Africa, is this a nice place to be? † â€Å"I haven’t ever been either, but I do know that it is a third world country, with children that need your help† replied my friend. The mayor went out the room and talked to another man about the trip, I was shacking but not because I was scared, just because I was filled with many emotions, I was actually quite excited. Journey and arrival – chapter 13 I set off early the following morning and endured 12 long tiring hours on the flight to northern Africa, then another 9 hours on a train to my destination. When I got off the train my legs were numb and floppy. When I arrived I was directed into a small long building and was told what I should do. The mayor explained that he is only here today then will be flying home tomorrow, and then he introduced me to my mentor. â€Å"Eleza, I hope that your stay here will be pleasurable, my name is Mandisa please come meet our youngest residents in our village. † I was taken into a classroom where little children stared at the teacher, they gave her all their attention, there was no shouting, it was just calm nice place to learn. I didn’t want to disturb them so instead I went into the village centre and saw just how hard it was for them to survive. â€Å"Could I have a cup of water please? † I asked a local The man said nothing, he walked over to a well and scooped out a bucket of water, I went over to him, he handed me the bucket. â€Å"Is this what you drink everyday? † I wondered I looked into the bucket; the water was cloudy with dirt floating on the surface. This wasn’t what I was expecting, I was hoping that the people hadn’t been drinking this for too long, this water isn’t drinkable and could kill if the wrong bits are drank. â€Å"It is the end of the school day now, come with me to see the children† said Mandisa I followed her to the classroom again and met up with the kids, meeting them made me feel important, I felt like I was a vital part of their lives, and that I could make a difference to their lives. â€Å"Hello, my name is Keon, what’s your name? † questioned a young boy â€Å"Eleza, I am here to help you and your class friends out. â€Å"Yay, no-ones ever come to our village before, other than Aitan, your mayor† â€Å"Is your mum going to pick you up from school? † I just wanted to talk to him, I wanted to make friends. â€Å"My mum is gone† Keon fell silent and faced the ground â€Å"she is gone, but my dad is in the fields. I have to go; my older sister has a disease and needs all the support she can get. † Before I could get a chance to comfort him he was gone. I walked down the road and met up with Mandisa. â€Å"Come; come quick, its Keon’s sister! She is in desperate need of help. † I didn’t rely, I just ran with her to his home. There was a huge gathering of people out side of the house; me and Mandisa stepped into the sweltering house mounted of sad people, the mood was unbearable and cries came from the room that Keon’s sister lay. I ran into the room and looked into the eyes of the girl, I could see that she was in a cycle of eternal pain; I knew this was an incurable disease and couldn’t help but feel sorry for the girl, at such a young age, (2 years younger than me and 3 years older than Keon.) I left the house and went to the little mud cottage where I was staying, I sat on the bed and relaxed, I can’t stand emotional moments, it just brings back bad memories that I’d rather not think about. There was a knock at the door, â€Å"Hello, Eleza are you in there? † sobbed a voice from behind the door, I went over to the door to find Keon looking at me then grasped my waist and burst into tears I hugged him for over 10 minutes before he let go and sat next to me on the bed and told me the tragic news about his sister. His father kindly invited me to the funeral then took Keon back home to get some sleep. I was shattered and was shocked by how much happened to me in one day, and was glad when the day came to a close. But I was eager to see what tomorrow had in store for me. African life – chapter 14 â€Å"Eleza, Eleza time to get up† whispered a soft voice in my ear I couldn’t talk because my lips were so dry and crisp they remained sealed, I leapt out of bed. They gave me a towel and a bucket of water to wash my face with. The first job of the day was to cover a simple lesson of spelling; I walked to the classroom with the children and was introduced to them all. I then started off the lesson by asking each individual child what they think their abilities are, this helped me to know what their level of learning is currently. The teachers didn’t have books to teach from, just a teacher that goes by memory. I didn’t get an education so I wasn’t doing anything too complicated; I just went over what I already knew. The school day wasn’t very long because the children got too hot in the classroom, after the class Mandisa met me outside. She told me that I was here to make a difference to the people’s lives and that I should try to make some tasks up for myself to complete. I thought for just a few moments then decided what I was going to do next. Keon showed me around the village and pointed over to the forest, or what remained of it anyway. I told him that I will protest against the men but I couldn’t use force. â€Å"I think I have a plan, what is the cutest creature in your forest? † I questioned â€Å"The baby monkeys are cute, they live high in the trees† Keon replied â€Å"Let’s go then† I shouted to him while running through the forest. Keon knew that there was only a slim chance that my plan would work and so he didn’t get his hopes up. It took a while to spot any wildlife in the forest because the noise of the chainsaws had frightened them half to death, I crept up quietly to one of the babies, the mother was higher in the trees so she didn’t see me coming, Keon gently lifted down the monkey and handed it to me, then we walked for miles and miles to find the campsite of the tree murderers and once there Keon gave a good firm knock on the door and waited for a response. â€Å"Who’s there† came a voice behind them I turned around quickly and addressed them, â€Å"We are begging you please stop cutting down the trees, so many animals die because you have taken away their home and family, here is a monkey that is calling out for your help† I had to make up a sad story about the monkey or it wouldn’t take effect. â€Å"I am just against it as you but we must do this otherwise we are out of jobs and wont be able to afford to survive. † I could see that the man wasn’t the kind to give up easily and so I diverted to the second plan,†you know, we will always have a place for you in the village and even though you have had you arguments with them, I’m sure if you stop cutting the trees down they will be happy to take you in. † if this didn’t work then we were screwed. This is something I will consider, it wont be immediate but you idea will not be discarded, don’t come back, we will move I’m due course. † The turned and walked away into their house, we went back to the village and carefully put the baby monkey back exactly where we found it. I went back to my where I slept the night before and rested there. As I lay I thought about all the changes I could make to this village if I put my mind to it, I wasn’t an adult, but the village treated me as one and made me feel wanted. This was when I knew, my dream has become a reality, I wanted to make a difference to the world and help those in more need than me. For once in my life I feel that I have done my parents proud and just wish that they could be here beside me. Everyday for over a month I got up and helped around the village, and every evening I would visit Keon’s mother and comfort her because the loss of her daughter was still on her mind. I had gone through so many adventures in my life and only in 1 year I had gone half way across the world and have witnessed life and death pass me by, and yet am still at a young age of 14, but my birthday is next week and the village kindly offered to have a little bonfire to celebrate, Keon even offered to sing a traditional African song called Kpanlogo this song had a strong meaning behind it but he wanted to sing it because it had a great tune to it. Free life takes a change – chapter 15 Keon was now a big part of my life and was like a brother to me, his mum was a thoughtful woman and she welcomed me into her family. I took the job of permanently teaching his class and in the process I even taught myself new things and the children told me about the animals and wildlife that surrounds them. That night Mandisa walked up to me with tears building up in her eyes, she told me that the mayor said that I couldn’t stay any longer, he needed help back home. So unfortunately my time in Africa came to an end. I was heartbroken to leave my new family, I felt like someone when I was there and didn’t want to go.

Jane Austens Emma and Pride and Prejudice essays

Jane Austens Emma and Pride and Prejudice essays Self-discovery is the predominant theme that appears in Jane Austen's novels, Emma and Pride and Prejudice. Emma discovers herself through other characters, which allow her to see herself as she really is and also cause her to mature. Emma values money and social position over matters of the heart. Elizabeth and Darcy illustrate how individuals must overcome their own pride before they can develop. Austen uses complicated relationships to illustrate the importance of humility. Her characters must undergo a certain amount of self-discovery in order to achieve happiness. Emma represents the upper-class society and has lived a somewhat sheltered life at Hartfield. We are told, "Emma Woodhouse, handsome, clever, and rich, with a comfortable home and happy disposition, seemed to unite some of the best blessings of existence; and had lived nearly twenty- one years in the world with very little to distress or vex her" (Emma 1996 299). This image of Emma is one of a spoiled child with no real experience While Emma is certainly well educated, we are told "the real evils of Emma's situation were the power of having rather too much her own way, and a disposition to think a little too well of herself" (299). Emma is a busybody. She also enjoys gossip and playing matchmaker for the people in her life. These are characteristics she will exhibit as the novel progresses, regardless of the possible dangers involved. In fact, she takes pride in her meddling, as seen when she reminds Mr. Knightley, that she arranged for Harriet and Mr. Weston to met each other. She says, "I made the match myself . . . When so many people said Mr. Weston would never marry again, may comfort me for anything" (304). She then tells her father, "You cannot think that I shall leave off the match-making" (304). This statement clearly reveals Emma's arrogance. Similarly, Elizabeth is very proud of bei...

How to Study Phrasal Verbs - Strategy Verb Examples

How to Study Phrasal Verbs s Learning phrasal verbs is one of the most challenging tasks for English learners. Teachers can use this introducing phrasal verbs lesson plan to help students become more familiar with phrasal verbs and start building phrasal verb vocabulary. This phrasal verbs reference list will also get you started with short definitions of approximately 100 of the most common phrasal verbs. Finally, there are a wide variety of phrasal verb resources on the site to help you learn new phrasal verbs. Phrasal verbs quickly become confusing for a few reasons: One main verb many prepositions - Just think of the verb to get, heres a short list: get into, get through, get to, get into, get by, etc.One phrasal verb, different meanings - Consider the phrasal verb pick up: pick up learn, pick up physically fetch, pick up purchase, etc.One phrasal verb, literal, figurative and idiomatic meanings - How about the verb put up: put up / literal physically place on a shelf, put up / figurative provide a place to sleep, put up / idiomatic deal with a situationSeparable or inseparable? - Look after - inseparable / look over - separable. Its very difficult to learn which phrasal verbs separate and which dont! Lets start with the introductory list of problem areas for phrasal verbs from above. For each phrasal verb you learn. Ask yourself these four questions: Which other phrasal verbs do I know that begin with this main verb?What is the literal meaning of this phrasal verb, the figurative meaning, and the idiomatic meaning? - Not all phrasal verbs have multiple meanings, but many do!Is this phrasal verb separable or inseparable?Can I write (or speak) a few example sentences with this phrasal verb? Heres a look at 5 common phrasal verbs. Its a good list to start with, and it will help you learn to consider these various factors when learning phrasal verbs. Ill provide answers on each of the questions (in a shortened form). When you are done, use the example form to study on your own. You can either copy the form onto a piece of paper, or copy and paste into a new document. Perhaps you can even save the document with multiple blank entries so you can continue to use this method to learn phrasal verbs. Make your own phrasal verb dictionary! Note: Not all phrasal verbs with other prepositions are listed for each main verb. That would be impossible! Try to think of as many phrasal verbs with other prepositions as you can for each of your own entries. Phrasal Verb: Get Into Other phrasal verbs with this verb?get to, get by, get through, get over, get at, get away withLiteral, figurative, idiomatic meaning?Literal: to open a box, drawer or other containerFigurative: to discuss somethingIdiomatic: to enjoySeparable or Inseparable?InseparableExample sentences:I used a key to get into the house.Lets get into the reasons why were going to win this case.He really got into the concert! Phrasal Verb: Look Forward To Other phrasal verbs with this verb?look away, look through, look to, look at, look overLiteral, figurative, idiomatic meaning?Literal: To look at something in the front (not used often)Figurative: To eagerly anticipateSeparable or Inseparable?InseparableExample sentences:I look forward to seeing you soon.Susan looks forward to her vacation in July. Phrasal Verb: Put Off Other phrasal verbs with this verb?put on, put over, put up, put through, put awayLiteral, figurative, idiomatic meaning?Figurative: to postpone somethingIdiomatic: to make someone not likeSeparable or Inseparable?SeparableExample sentences:Lets put the meeting off until next week.Her attitude put me off. Phrasal Verb: Make Out Other phrasal verbs with this verb?make to, make through, make up, make offLiteral, figurative, idiomatic meaning?Figurative: to see in the distanceIdiomatic: to kiss a lotSeparable or Inseparable?Figurative: Separable Idiomatic: Inseparable (does not take an object)Example sentences:Can you make the island out in the distance?They made out for thirty minutes. It was disgusting! Phrasal Verb: Take Off Other phrasal verbs with this verb?take up, take over, take to, take inLiteral, figurative, idiomatic meaning?Literal: to disrobe - take clothing off your bodyFigurative: to be successfulIdiomatic: to not go to work, take leisure timeSeparable or Inseparable?Separable (Figurative: Inseparable)Example sentences:I took my coat off and entered the room.The new products took off. We sold more than 300,000 in just one month!I need to take some time off work. Continue to the next page for a blank worksheet that you can copy and use for your own phrasal verb study. Feel free to print as many copy as you need! Phrasal Verb: _____ Other phrasal verbs with this verb? Literal, figurative, idiomatic meaning?Literal:Figurative:Idiomatic: Separable or Inseparable? Example sentences: Phrasal Verb: _____ Other phrasal verbs with this verb? Literal, figurative, idiomatic meaning?Literal:Figurative:Idiomatic: Separable or Inseparable? Example sentences: Phrasal Verb: _____ Other phrasal verbs with this verb? Literal, figurative, idiomatic meaning?Literal:Figurative:Idiomatic: Separable or Inseparable? Example sentences: Phrasal Verb: _____ Other phrasal verbs with this verb? Literal, figurative, idiomatic meaning?Literal:Figurative:Idiomatic: Separable or Inseparable? Example sentences: Phrasal Verb: _____ Other phrasal verbs with this verb? Literal, figurative, idiomatic meaning?Literal:Figurative:Idiomatic: Separable or Inseparable? Example sentences:

THEORETICALLEGAL CREATION OF MYTHICAL COMPANY Research Paper

THEORETICALLEGAL CREATION OF MYTHICAL COMPANY - Research Paper Example This company will produce cars along with light weighed trucks that would ride on an average 135 miles with a gallon of fuel. This company has been well initiated through the government, the economy and the determination of the angel investors who aimed towards creating fleet of vehicles that satisfies the consumers’ demands and exhibits high level of performance and emits nearly zero level of carbon. The company will be based in North Carolina because it expects to utilize the employment and manufacturing capacity left behind by the emigration of the major companies producing furniture. It has been estimated that tax breaks will exceed $180,000,000 during the coming 30 years and East Coast utilization equivalent to the Silicon Valley will add value to the local economy. Due to the conversion of the current tax subsidy level of the US government to ethanol production at the rate of only 50% of the spending in the current budget, the first 1 million cars produced by the company would become feasible to be sold at such a cost that general public will accept. After enjoying the initial profitability generated by the low cost cars, the economies of scale and competitive market will allow the cost to come in line with the customers’ expectations. The present budget condition is the most appropriate one in order to take advantage of the ineffectual subsidies on ethanol. The present economic condition provides the best environment for an organization like Future Inc. The venture would produce an environment friendly, fuel-efficient product that offers comparatively lower cost of ownership than its substitutes in the automotive industry. 2. Lawsuits This portion of the report demonstrates the policies (basically, the ethical and the fair policies) that Future Inc will undertake with regards to the lawsuits in US. The company aims to conduct business for the sake of community’s benefits, be it local, national or international. Thus with regards to t he lawsuits, the following policies would be followed by the company: Policies The company aims to follow the policy towards increased security of energy. It will look after the proper maintenance and disbursement of the energies to be emitted during the process of manufacturing as well as during the process of dispatching the products. The company aims to deal with professionals experienced in the field of energy security so that complete security can be assured to the customers. The second policy that the company aims to follow is related to the reduction in costs of energy. It assures that the cost of fuel consumption by the natural gas vehicle that would be produced will be much lower than its substitute products or the cars run through petrol and diesel. The third important policy of the company is towards reduction in air pollution. The company proclaims that use of natural gas as fuel consumption will ensure comprehensive reduction in creation of pollution that harms communit y in several ways. The fourth policy that the company would follow is aimed towards reduced greenhouse emissions. Natural gas ensures near zero emission of carbon and it also ensures to create conducive environment to survive. The company will undertake its fifth important policy in the form of utilizing local resources as much as possible. Through the use of

Financial Risk Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2250 words

Financial Risk - Essay Example Both companies have carried out work in Africa, Asia, Australia, the United States and other parts of Europe. The company operates from offices in the UK and Spain and focuses on the development of residential properties. In the UK the company operates from 24 regional offices across England, Scotland and Wales (Taylor Wimpey 2011b). Over the years, the company has built a wide range of properties from one and two-bedroom apartments to five bedroom detached houses. In addition to its UK and Spain construction business Taylor Wimpey also operates two other businesses - Prestoplan and Taylor Wimpey Logistics (TWL). Prestoplan is the company’s timber frame solutions business which allows for the simplification of on-site construction while TWL is its supply chain logistics business that sources materials in bulk from suppliers ‘just in time’ for carrying out construction (Taylor Wimpey 2011c). The industries in which Taylor Wimpey competes include residential constru ction contractors, the construction sector, and residential real estate development (Hovers 2011). The company’s main competitors are Bellway plc which is located in Newcastle Upon Tyne in the UK and The Berkeley Group Holdings plc in Cobham, Surrey. 2.0 Financing Decisions According to Edum-Fotwe et al (1995) the construction industry in the UK has always experienced a high level of insolvencies when compared to other industries. One of the main causes of this is the improper use of cash resources (Chen et al 2010). It is therefore important that regular performance evaluation be carried out in order to determine the strategies to use in order to ensure survival. Financial analysis using a number of ratios therefore becomes important. Liquidity and solvency ratios look at the ability of a firm to pay to meet short-term and longer-term financial commitments as they fall due (BPP 2009). Financing decisions will affect Taylor Wimpey’s financial risk 2.1 Financial risk Ac cording to Holton (2004) risk as it is commonly used refers to both exposure and uncertainty, neither of which can be defined operationally. There are many different types of risk. However, this paper looks at financial risk. Financial risk is the risk that is associated with debt financing. This synonymous with Gabriel and Baker (1980) definition which states that financial risk is ‘the added variability of the net cash flows of the owners of equity that results from the fixed financial obligation associated with debt financing and leasing.’ It also involves the ‘risk of cash insolvency’ and has been extended to include the risk of not being able to fill obligations in relation to prior claims with the cash that the business generates Gabriel and Baker (1980). A firm’s ability to meet its obligations is determined by the level of its fixed obligations as well as its liquid resources (Gabriel and Baker 1980). It is the risk that a company will not be able to meet its financial commitments due to insufficient cash flows. It is the additional risk that shareholders face when debt is used in addition to equity capital. Financial risk arises as a result of various transactions of a financial nature including legal transactions, new projects, mergers and acquisitions, debt financing, and through the activities of management, stakeholders and competitors (Horcher 2005). Financial risks are associated with both short-term and lon