Informative Speech on the Environmental Movement Essay

Informative Speech Outline Introduction Attention Getter: Did you know in 1969 there was a giant oil spill in Santa Barbara? Topic Revelation: This oil spill caused the environmental movement that has lead to our current environmental movement. By environmental movement, I mean what the people’s interests are in our environment. Significance Statement: The environmental movement is just as important as today then it was in 1969. The environment is constantly threatened and plays a crucial part in everyone’s lives (Goli). Preview Statement: Today, we will be going over the impact of the oil spill, current issues today, and who are addressing these issues. Body I. The first point is how the oil spill had an impact on our†¦show more content†¦1.Many species face endangerment everyday due to our pollution such as trash in the oceans (Corwin). Transition: We now just went over the history of the environmental movement and are now going into who are addressing environmental issues. III. For our last point, we are going to bring up who is addressing these current issues. A. There are many great non-profit groups that address environmental problems. 1. One great non-profit group that helps address air quality is Tree People. 2. Tree People addresses air quality by planting trees which take in carbon dioxide and give us oxygen which makes our air more clean (TreePeople). B. A non-profit group that address trash in our oceans is heal the bay. 1.Heal the Bay focuses on the Santa Monica bay which stretches from Palos Verdes Pennisula north to Malibu which is 50 miles. 2.Heal the Bays vision is to inspire understanding and conservation of the Santa Monica Bay and its watersheds through hands-on education, environmental stewardship and discovery (Heal the Bay). Transition: Although there are many other groups that help address environmental issues, this is a very basic outline of these incredible groups. Conclusion I. Review: In conclusion, that was a brief outline of the environmental movement from what impacted the movement, current issues, and how those issues are being addressed. II. Lasting Thought: The reason IShow MoreRelatedInformative Speech : Autism Spectrum Disorder Essay873 Words   |  4 PagesInformative Speech: Autism Spectrum Disorder Attention Getter: Some of us parents take it for granted when our kids talk so much, ask so many questions, or clown around all day long. We tend to forget how there are some parents that don’t get that right away. Topic Disclosure: Today I am going to talk to you about autism spectrum disorder. Preview: During my speech I will discuss: I. Causes of autism II. Symptoms III. Treatments Audience Link: Before doing the research on autism spectrum disorderRead MoreInformative Speech Electric Cars Word1039 Words   |  5 Pagesï » ¿ Informative speech Electric Cars Introduction Attention Getter: Central Idea: State an interesting new facts about electric cars. 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Can Welfare Actually Be Harmful - 1555 Words

Can Welfare Actually Be Harmful? Wouldn’t it be wonderful to live a life free of worry, knowing that every one of your needs is met? You could relax and enjoy life without the concern of finding employment and earning a paycheck. Well.in the long run, that type of life may not be so wonderful after all! The United States welfare system has become a crutch for a segment of society who needs assistance learning how to provide for themselves and their families, rather than being given another handout. This is a serious issue due to the ever increasing number of people being added to the welfare roll every year and the probability that once receiving welfare, they may never again be self-sufficient. It should be important to every citizen due to the fact that many are being led down a road of dependency and because the United States government currently has a national debt of over eighteen trillion dollars and is estimated to reach over twenty-one trillion by the end of 2015. Debt Clock. 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Risk and Safety Management Free Essays

string(32) " and safety management systems\." INTRODUCTION The idea of occupational health and management systems is rather complex and several definitions exist. The debate about OSHMSs is evident that there is no universal knowledge of the concept of occupational health and safety management. Rather there exist many models and approaches which are frequently merely sub elements regarded as complete management systems. We will write a custom essay sample on Risk and Safety Management or any similar topic only for you Order Now Although the fundamental objective is to improve the health and safety of employees, at a more indebt level, one can find a variety, for example by using prevention as a fundamental company objective, by projecting the employer’s responsibility or by improving the employees’ participation and their representatives. Occupational Health and Safety management system can be defined as a set of harmonized and incorporated processes, that allows a business or organisation to be able to control and manage their occupational health and safety issues in a homogeneous, orderly and effective way. It also enables organisations to comply with the requirements of legislation and also to initiate current best practice. Because it uses a systems approach, it helps guarantee’s a reliable and systematic approach to health and safety management throughout an organisation. Implementing this type of system is an indication that an organisation is taking a coordinated approach to the prevention of occupational health and safety risks. It is a choice that explicitly sets out to: – Improve an institutions responsiveness and performance in OSH – purge or reduce health and safety failures – predict change – Ensure overall uniformity with other management policies – Contribute to improving the Company’s image. HS MANAGEMENT SYSTEM MODELS There are two recommended approaches depending on the organisational needs of the business and with the objective that the approach will be integrated into the total management system. One is based on successful health and safety management HS (G) 65. Another model is OHSAS 18001, the international standard for health and safety management systems. You read "Risk and Safety Management" in category "Essay examples" The international standard recognises HS (G) 65 and uses essentially identical principles. Both models are very similar with some minor differences. Effective health and safety management systems should have clear processes to follow, such as clear directives that describes who does what and when. Effective health and safety management systems should also have Control Forms in place that are used to control the important steps in the process. These should be simple, clear and easy to use as they will, when concluded, records that are necessary for the continues effectiveness of the management system. Some of the basic components of an effective management system are thus: 1) developing a sound policy, 2)organising, 3) developing procedures, 4) monitoring performance and 5) Reviewing the effectiveness of the management system. The various models of management systems standards are in effect establish on the same values of management as those of general management. Management systems based on OHSAS 18001, AS 4801-2000 and ISO 14001 are prescriptive than others that are base on HSG65 and, to a great extent, ILO-OSH 2001, which base greater concern to the responsibility of people in the management of occupational health and safety risks. RESERACH EVIDENCE OF THE EFFECTIVENESS OF HS MANAGEMENT SYSTEM Some research has been carried out to assess the effectiveness of Occupational health and safety management systems. Frick et al. (2000:2) pointed out that the lack of critical assessment is astonishing despite the fact that: ‘OHSM has evolved internationally as the major strategy to reduce the serious social and economic problem of ill-health at work’. On the other hand, there are some researches that base their findings on the effectiveness of OHSMS, and which will be grouped as the ‘effectiveness research’. The first (effectiveness research) is a project started in the late 1970s, by researchers at the National Institute of Occupational Safety and Health (NIOSH) in the USA to look at the different characteristics of companies with outstanding health and safety performance. In the first two stages of the research, matched pair comparisons were undertaken of safety programme practices in companies with high and low injury rates (Cohen et al., 1975; Smith et al., 1978). The third stage of the research looked at the health and safety programmes of five companies with commendable health and safety performance (Cohen Cleveland, 1983). Some sensitive issues were identified in the NIOSH research and other research linking the practise of health and safety management with injury result data (Simonds Shafai-Sahrai, 1977; Viner et al., 1989; Gallagher, 1994; Zohar, 1980; Chew, 1988; Shannon et al., 1996; Simard Marchand, 1995; Eyssen et al., 1980). Research findings of the studies suggest the fundamental and critical role played by senior management employees (managers) in successful health and safety management systems, the role of effective communication, employee participation and consultation in the whole process. Another research conducted in the nuclear industry have identified further conditions for the effectiveness of health and safety management systems. Marcus’ (1988:251) research of externally induced health and safety innovations in nuclear power companies following an incident (Three Mile Island incident) found autonomy to be a fundamental factor for the effectiveness of Health and safety management system. Nichols and Marcus (1990) in their research emphasize the eventual negative impact of the lack of management attention from vital production and safety requirements. There are some factors that stand against the adoption of effective health and safety management systems. These include: -the difficulties faced by small firms, -subcontracting arrangements, and -contemporary labour market changes. Research conducted in Australia by Gallagher (2000) was based on the relationship between OHS type and system performance. This is the only major empirical research of health and safety management system effectiveness in Australian industry. Research evidence was collected in the mid 1990s from some twenty organisations that had implemented an occupational health and management systems. The systems in these organisations were grouped according to Gallagher’s cross typology based on management structure/style and control strategy. Performance was then evaluated using three criteria – Incident/claims trends, -changes in performance relative to industry benchmarks, and – An assessment through an audit tool based upon Safety MAP. The research findings suggest the type of occupational health and safety management system may influence its effectiveness or failure. There was a tendency for innovative/safe place enterprises (adaptive hazard managers) to perform better than traditional/safe person enterprises (unsafe act minimisers). Adaptive hazard managers stand out from the remainder by the vigour of their focus on elimination of hazard as the underlying purpose of their system activity. They had an organised approach to the management of hazard for the full spectrum of hazards, in contrast to other cases where systems activity variously had an underlying risk management or cultural change purpose, or appeared to be base at improving the health and safety system as an end in itself. Gallagher’s findings strengthen the results of the various ‘effectiveness’ research that highlight the important role played by top managers and of employee participation and engagement ‘’That the most senior managers should drive health and safety change and that health and safety representatives should move away from the margins of health and safety management, into more mainstream health and safety management planning, implementation and review.’’ In his analysis of the Esso gas plant disaster, Hopkins’ (2000) provides a thorough case study of how lack of management commitment can cause a system to fail in practice. Esso had its own occupational health and safety management in place called Operational Integrity Management System (OIMS), once complemented by many as an ideal system and one which company audits suggested was operating at peak level. Reviewing material from the Longford Royal Commission, Hopkins identifies a number of failures in the Esso system that directly contributed to the disaster: 1) Defective auditing processes, 2) Failure to adequately identify hazards and assess risks, 3) A hands-off management strategy, 4) Absence of procedures to deal with the immediate set of incidents, 5) Inadequate training, 6) Poor communication mechanisms 7) Inadequate hazard reporting system. All the above can in a sense be seen as some of the barriers to the effectiveness of an occupational health and safety management system. Hopkins (2000:147) on the other hand challenges the critics of Occupational health and safety management systems who argue that the Esso disaster discredits the idea of an OHS management system and points instead to the need for ‘organisational mindfulness’, an idea said to account for the reliability of high reliability organisations. Hopkins suggests that mindfulness can strengthen an OHSMS by highlighting the aspects of health and safety management that are essential for high reliability. A further research by Dell (2000) was out to identify the conditions of an effective OHSMS and the needed interventions to ensure the systems characteristics are well understood and applicable to industry. Dell draws the differences between proactive and reactive systems, the later marked by reactive activity following an incident; the former by proactive hazard management linked to quality and continuous improvement philosophy. Of the fifteen companies assessed, more than half have no management focus on health and safety and high levels of legislative non-compliance and no fundamental system in place. Of the remaining companies with some sort of system in place, the systems are mainly reactive in nature with no indication of proactive logical hazard or risk management activity. System performance remains difficult to separate given these sub-optimal conditions. BARRIERS TO THE EFFECTIVENESS OF HS MANAGEMENT SYSTEM The evidence from research suggests that Occupational Health and Safety management systems are likely to fail because of the following reasons: 1).The inability to meet primary conditions for Occupational health and management systems effectiveness (by not customising systems to organisational needs, imposition without consultation, relax top management commitment and non-employee involvement). 2).The inapt utilisation of audit tools (where they become an end in themselves, are base on misdirected management goals, and are conducted without any expert auditor skills, standards and criteria). 3). Application of the system in hostile contexts (small business, precarious employment, contractors and labour hire companies). CASE STUDY OF MY EXPERIENCE IN THE EFFECTIVENESS OF HS MANAGEMENT SYSTEM These case studies are base on my experience on a review which was undertaken by ASHMAN ASSOCIATES LTD CAMEROON between 2001 and 2009. These studies include: 1) A review of occupational health and safety management systems used within the Cameroonian chicken processing industry. 2) An evaluation of injury prevention within a large governmental department with multiple locations across Cameroon. 3) The development of a strategic plan for injury prevention within a large governmental departmental involved in the running of detention centres. 4)The approach towards injury prevention with the Douala reference hospital 5) A manufacturing company involved with the making and distribution of textiles. Each of these case studies involved an objective of assessing the effectiveness of the occupational health and safety systems for developing an injury prevention model suitable for the culture and hazards associated with the respective workplaces. Each project primarily involved the following methodology: 1) A review of the workplace’s injury history for the previous three to six years and identification of the primary types of injuries as well as their location and causal agents. 2) A review of incident reports and safety committee minutes, as well as consultation with key stakeholders in identifying the variety of hazards that is evident within the respective workplace. 3) A series of walk-through inspections and audits of targeted areas within the workplaces. 4) Technical assessments based on a risk management approach for identifying hazards, with assessing based on legislative and best practice models, and development of appropriate risk controls. 5) Maintaining consultation with the stakeholders throughout the risk assessment approach and monitoring the adoption and evaluation of recommendations. 6) Integrating the results of the risk assessments into a range of appropriate business plans relevant for the size and scope of issues managed in the business. 7) Debriefing the senior management of the organisation on the major findings and recommendations. 8) Developing key performance indicators, in consultation with the stakeholder groups, to ensure an approach of ongoing implementation and continuous improvement with respect to addressing injury prevention in the workplace. RESULTS OF EXPERIENCE On the basis of the research conducted in these workplaces, a range of business imperatives were clearly identified within those companies which were successful in addressing occupational health risks. The key imperatives were as follows: 1) Management commitment and active participation 2) Participation of the employees 3) Setting of goals and measuring performance 4) Integration of Occupational health and safety strategies into business plan 5) Positive feedback and recognition of achievements. The commitment of senior management and their participation in the prevention systems was vital. The direct involvement and commitment of the senior management was the major determinant within specific workplaces as to the level of improvement and sustained performance in injury management. Without their commitment and participation, the prevention appeared to achieve a ‘glass ceiling’ above which the performance appeared not to improve. This was particularly evident where responsibility for OHS management was delegated to a ‘middle level’ manager, in particular those with non-operational responsibilities, such as human resource managers or OHS officers. The successful integration of OHS with other management systems will ensure that the long term objectives of the organisation incorporate a desire to develop OHS initiatives through each stage of the design and development process. It is evident from these case studies that the five basic imperatives outlined should be key components of a system which will produce a sustained focus on injury prevention. Many of the OHS management systems available on the market were found to be too complex and too time consuming and costly to implement and maintain for the majority of the businesses assessed. However, the requirement of at least a simple system which contains these key imperatives would seem a sensible starting place for organisations contemplating a programme focusing on injury prevention at the workplace level. CONCLUSION Implicit in many of the research reviewed above to show the effectiveness of Occupational Health and Safety management system is the finding that OHSMS sometimes work under the appropriate conditions. It also alludes to the significant importance of top management commitment and employee involvement in the whole process. A general agreement also emerged that the effectiveness of Occupational health and safety management systems depends on concrete top management commitment and employee involment which were relentlessly described as essential and inter-linked. Top management commitment is regarded as a pre-requisite for embarking on a systems approach in the first place. Without this whole concept of top management commitment, an OHS management system cannot be effective or is likely to collapse into a token exercise. Employee consultation and Involvement was also considered equally important to its effectiveness. REFERENCES Cohen, A., Smith, B., Cohen, A. (1975) Safety Program Practices in High vs. Low Accident Rate Companies – An Interim Report, National Institute of Occupational Safety and Health, Publication No 75-185, Cincinatti. Cohen, H., Cleveland, R. (1983) Safety Program Practices in Record-Holding Plants, Professional Safety, March, 26-32. Dell, G. (2000) Current Safety Management Practice: Does a Systematic Approach DeliverPaper presented at the First National Conference on Occupational Health and Safety Management Systems, UWS, Sydney. K. Frick P. Jensen M. Quinlan T. Wilthagen (Eds.) Systematic OHS Management: Perspectives on an International Development, Elsevier, Amsterdam. Gallagher, C. (1997) Health and Safety Management Systems: An Analysis of System Types and Effectiveness, National Key Centre in Industrial Relations, Monash University, Melbourne Gunningham, N., Johnstone, R. (1999) Regulating Workplace Safety: System and Sanctions, Oxford University Press, Oxford. Health and Safety Executive (1991) Successful Health and Safety Management, HMSO, London. Hopkins, A. (2000) Lessons from Longford: The Esso Gas Plant Explosion, CCH Australia Limited, Sydney. How to cite Risk and Safety Management, Essay examples

Contemporary Issues in Health & Social Care-Samples for Students

Question: Discuss about the Contemporary Issues in Health and Social Care. Answer: Introduction Contemporary health issues are the modern and current situations in the health and social care. It includes various issues like elderly care, hospital care standards, funding and governments. Social and health care issues are the issues which are of the public interest and there are several components which may affect the public debate on these matters (Aveyard, 2014). Contemporary concept of social and health care has developed the Health and Social Care (HSC) to a next level, offering provisions as well as the capacity to deal with the social issues. It has made the health care more advanced and it plays a vital role in the society to provide the medical services to the sick people. The major objective of this report is to throw light on the significance of imparting accurate and right health care related information to the population and avoid the situations of confusion and misunderstandings due to exaggerated or improper data. So, it is very important to use appropriate ways to approach the public domain. This report discusses that how the information on social and health care assist the behaviors in the health care context. In the report, the questions are answered on the basis of given case study. The case study shows that the local Social Services Department did not provide proper care to Mrs. Tata that has affected her health adversely. After few weeks of treatment in residential homes, she died. Thus, the case study clearly shows the issue of safeguarding and negligence of elderly care (Boyle, 2008). The below report includes different ways through which information on health and social care could reach to public domain. There are some techniques which can be used to disseminate this information to people. In the final task, it describes the ways in which data relating to elderly care is presented that can affect the thoughts, attitudes and behavior of population Health and social care sector is not only a sensitive sector but also it plays a crucial role for the health of public. Normal people are very much aware about the social and health care issues and most of the time they do not have data about the health and social care. To resolve this issue, mass media came forward and they have succeeded in resolving the issue of information gap of the public. For the people, it is very important to keep informed and updated about the health and social care issues. Information is a significant component to develop the flow of knowledge via society and it has various benefits (Cherry and Jacob, 2016). The information on social and health care is very important when devastating current problems in health care. There should be some effective ways to deliver the health and social care information to public domain. Health care service providers are the major source of information that can create the knowledge base. This knowledge base and information in cludes health issues, habits, prevention of diseases, healthy life style, care services and rights of people for enhancing health among community (Drummond, et al, 2015). As mentioned in the case, the patient Mrs. Tata was not aware about her health issues, precautions and the food that she could eat while suffering from Alzheimer. Elderly Care is one of the biggest issues which information should be communicated to the public domain effectively. Health care professionals can play an important role in this process as they collect the information through researches and experiments and they develop the information after an analysis process. So the data on social and health care is generated via process of evaluating and gathering information. The information of health and social can care be reached to public domain through media and other technologies (Glasby, and Dickinson, 2014). Modern technologies like televisions and internet can be used as most popular ways to gather the information. In addition to this, there are various health care professionals who write reports and articles which can be referred by the society via World Wide Web. On the other side, these health care providers create the information forums which any individual can use and collect the related data they need. As per the case, television is the best way to approach the elderly people as they are not much active on social media sites and internet (Weaver, 2016). In addition to elderly care, the population should be aware about other issues also like resourcing, care delivery, health care standards, child abuse, sexual harassment so that they can receive and entitle for the services with higher standards in safe environment as per the given standards and policies. This essential information can be reached to public domain by the health care professionals via documentaries, newspapers, word of mouth etc. Furthermore, there are various institutions that have responsibility to spread the needed information to the people such as World Health Organization, Health Protection Agency and Centre for Disease Control (Glasby, 2012). These organizations need to give the information to the people that where they should make contact and whom they should contact of they are mistreated by the health care centres and local social service departments. They should have the information related to the treatment of the severe diseases and elderly care. This inform ation can be availed through media, journals, reports and newspapers. Sometimes, people fail to receive the right data of health and social care that may have adverse impact on their health. In the given case, Mrs Tata was not able to get right information about her care and health. The news given in the most popular newspapers of UK can set an adverse image of Local Social Service Provider Agencies as they failed deliver effective care to Mrs Tata (Jhonston and Andy, 2013). Thus, along with giving information to the population, this is also essential to ensure that right information is reached to the public domain Information is a vital component to enhance the flow of knowledge across the society and it offers various advantages to the people. To the society, information can be disseminated via newspapers, internet, television and educational campaigns. In addition to this, there are various other modes through which information can be disseminated to population. These modes are Social media networking sites, leaflets, posters, visual messages, radio, websites of health institutions etc. There are several sources that play a crucial role in developing awareness among population. With the help of tabloid newspapers such as Sun and Mirror, significant information about the health and social care can be provide to the people in United Kingdom. For instance, the information related to the elderly care can be disseminated through newspapers and televisions because elderly people read the newspaper and they are rarely active on internet and social networking sites (Grajales III, et al, 2014). To en hance awareness about the obesity, the information can communicated through websites of gyms and health care centers. Generally, the people join he gym to overcome the issues related to obesity so their gym trainers can assist them towards this health and social issue i.e. obesity. In this way, internet is the best way for information dissemination that allows the people to access different information at the same time. Research results and written reports have been shown by the health care service providers to grab more attention and give information towards community. This is the most effective technique as with the advancement of technology, the number of people using internet has been increased so presenting the knowledge on internet will open the window to use information. In comparison to television, internet is more effective as people may have the opportunity to refer the same article again. Television and newspapers have not got that much advantage like internet as it is faster than newspapers (Grosios, Gahan, Burbidge, 2010). Thus, the internet is more referable and faster than other communication modes with the elderly people. Moreover, there are various other benefits of accessing internet as a mode of communicating data to the people. As the inter net is much attached to the life of people and they generally refer internet. Internet assists the health care professionals and domestic health authorities to get the concern of people. The people who dont have internet facilities, they can gain the information from public campaigns and television. In addition to television and internet, public campaigns are supported, but mass media can provide the audio visual effects to the people to make it more efficient and grab more attention of people. Health care centers can assist the people in getting the information about the appropriate service care and funding structure for the care delivery. Heath care professional can make the people clear that to whom they need to contact in the situation of abuse of health and social care (Mozley, 2017). Thus, the above-mentioned communication techniques are effective but sometimes, the information disseminated by these sources can develop panic situations among population by overstraining the figures and enhancing fear in the people. Sometimes, people do this for promoting their website but it has adverse impacts on public (Pharoah, and Harrow, 2011). These panic conditions are created by the social media sites and newspapers which increase the fear and anxiety to a specific situation like child abuse, AIDS, Elderly Care etc. So, it is very essential to help the public so that they can deal with the conditions by giving real figures, facts and information through above communication modes, developing creative messages provided to public health, offering education via campaigns, awareness programs and seminars by availing support from local government and private health care institutions. In the brief, it can be stated that these techniques will be very effective in context of health and social care because these techniques assist in taking the maximum attention of the society people. But they can cost more money to information providers (Munn-Giddings, and Winter, 2013). As mentioned-above, communication of heath related information is essential but more important is the way in which the information is disseminated and presented to societys people. The way of information delivery can affect the attitudes, behaviors and thoughts of population. In addition to this, the information should be disseminated by the use of suitable and reliable source according to the needs of audiences. The preferences and requirements change with different characteristics such as age, gender, education and social class. To communicate the information, media sources are used by everyone and everywhere (Simonet, 2010). Due to that, media has more power to make the public think, provide them ideas and make changes in their behaviors. Confronting the health and social issues have various ways, they are control, prevention and treatment. With the changes in behavior, the people can be forced towards the cure and prevention from these emerging health issues. The advancement in t echnology and globalization assisted the population in gaining more access to the internet and television (Tzeng, 2011). In this, media plays a primary role in altering the lifestyle of people. Videos and shorts films are the effective ways which can deliver the required information to the people and make an impact on peoples behavior and thoughts. Mass media can make the people think about the particular matter by providing them the required data. For example, there are various researches who have mentioned that children mostly prefer to watch television and series (Ventola, 2014). By watching this, they learn through this content and follow it. This effect of television can give a significant advantage to the public. The health information related to contemporary health and social issues and their cure can be telecasted on television so that young people can grab its content. Through this, health care service providers can take first step towards the prevention of these health and social issues. There are two ways in which media can communicate with the people, one way is to give the information and another one is to shows the positive and negative outcomes. Indicating the negative outcomes will give the people chance to think about the cure and prevention. According to the Social Cognitive Theory, people learn and change their behavior by observing other people. So, presenting negative results of health issues can encourage the people to follow appropriate methods and make the changes in their behaviors and attitudes (Glanfield, 2015). For instance, by taking the given case into consideration it can be stated that elderly people prefer to access TV, radio, newspapers and pamphlets etc. while young people use social media sites to get the information on health and social care issues. To communicate information to parents, the information servers can use leaflets, posters at different places like child care centers, schools etc. In the given case, the negative aspects of care homes are shown that may have adverse impact on perception of people towards elderly care homes (Zolkepli, and Kamarulzaman, 2015). There is one another news about the care homes in UK which went public and it was also published by the same publication house. This news shows the positive aspects about the care homes that care homes turn its lounge into pub so that residents can enjoy there. Elderly peoples home has created its pub to allow the older residents to socialize in comfortable fashion within the safety of facility (Boyle, 2018). This n ews has positive impact on the behavior and perception of people towards elderly care homes in UK. In this way, giving the information is a primary factor to grab the attention of public on elderly care. If the social and health do not present the right information on elderly care, they will not have impact on attitudes, behaviors and thoughts of people. According to my understanding, the care homes should improve the health care delivery to the people as they are their responsibility. In addition to this, I realized that media should show the news of health and social care in an effective way. However, this type of news should not be published in the newspapers as it affects the behavior of people adversely (Parahoo, 2014). To prevent such events in health and social care, media and newspapers should give the information in an appropriate manner so that it can affect the behavior and perception of people positively. In United Kingdom, local care issues can be overcome by conducting awareness and education programs. Conclusion Contemporary thinking in health and social care services has caused various developments and changes in the provision against elderly care. Information in the context of health and social care is created by the use of different resources and this information is gathered from various valid and reliable sources. From the above report, it can be concluded that media plays an important role in disseminating the information of health care to the people and changing their perception towards health and social care. Public should understand the requirement of media while dealing with contemporary health and social issues like elderly care, obesity, malnutrition, smoking etc. Selecting an appropriate information and treatment will assist the people to fight against these health issues more efficiently. Health care professionals, government and media play a crucial role in disseminating the information to the public domain. From this, it can be stated that these sources can affect the attitude s, behaviors and perception of people towards elderly care. The report includes different examples of health care issues. In United Kingdom, local care issues can be overcome by conducting awareness programs. In this way, they can affect and change the behavior of people References Aveyard, H., 2014.Doing a literature review in health and social care: A practical guide. UK: McGraw-Hill Education. Boyle, D., 2018, Care Home Turns Its Lounge Into A Pub Where Residents Can Enjoy A Pint, Listen To The Jukebox And Even Play Darts, Available from https://www.dailymail.co.uk/news/article-5572875/Care-home-turns-lounge-pub-residents-enjoy-pint.html. (Accessed on 4 April 2018). Boyle, S., 2008, The UK Health Care System, Available from https://www.commonwealthfund.org/usr_doc/UK_Country_Profile_2008.pdf. (Accessed on 4 April 2018) Cherry, B. and Jacob, S.R., 2016, Contemporary nursing: Issues, trends, management. UK: Elsevier Health Sciences. Drummond, M.F., Sculpher, M.J., Claxton, K., Stoddart, G.L. and Torrance, G.W., 2015.Methods for the economic evaluation of health care programmes. UK: Oxford university press. Glanfield, E., 2015, Frail Pensioner Whose Family Snatched Him From Care Home And Flew Him To Turkey Died Five Months After Daughter Was Secretly Jailed By Court Of Protection, Available from https://www.dailymail.co.uk/news/article-3000686/Frail-pensioner-family-snatched-care-home-flew-Turkey-died-five-months-daughter-secretly-jailed-Court-Protection.html. Glasby, J. and Dickinson, H., 2014.Partnership working in health and social care: what is integrated care and how can we deliver it? UK: Policy Press. Glasby, J., 2012, Understanding health and social care. UK: Policy Press. Grajales III, F.J., Sheps, S., Ho, K., Novak-Lauscher, H. and Eysenbach, G., 2014. Social media: a review and tutorial of applications in medicine and health care.Journal of medical Internet research,16(2). Grosios, K., Gahan, P. B., Burbidge, J., 2010, Overview of healthcare in the UK.The EPMA Journal,1(4), 529534. Jhonston J, and Andy D., 2013, Care Homes Let My Dad Starve To Death, Available from https://www.dailymail.co.uk/news/article-2315603/Wanda-Maddocks-secretly-jailed-trying-save-father-Here-exposes-shocking-neglect.html#ixzz34QOSusrL. (Accessed on 4 April 2018). Mozley, C., 2017.Towards Quality Care: outcomes for older people in care homes. UK: Routledge. Munn-Giddings, C. and Winter, R., 2013.A handbook for action research in health and social care. UK: Routledge. Parahoo, K., 2014.Nursing research: principles, process and issues. UK: Palgrave Macmillan. Pharoah, C. and Harrow, J., 2011, A legacy for the nation's health the challenges faced by UK health charities in legacy funding. Journal of Communication in Healthcare, 4(1), pp.13-26. Simonet, D., 2010, Healthcare reforms and cost reduction strategies in Europe. International Journal of Health Care QA, 23(5), pp.470-488. Tzeng, H., 2011, Nurses' Caring Attitude: Fall Prevention Program Implementation as an Example of Its Importance. Nursing Forum, 46(3), pp.137-145. Ventola, C.L., 2014. Social media and health care professionals: benefits, risks, and best practices.Pharmacy and Therapeutics,39(7), p.491. Weaver, C.A., Ball, M.J., Kim, G.R. and Kiel, J.M., 2016. Healthcare information management systems. US: Springer International Publishing. Zolkepli, I.A. and Kamarulzaman, Y., 2015. Social media adoption: The role of media needs and innovation characteristics.Computers in Human Behavior,43, pp.189-209.

Egocentric Thinking Essay Example

Egocentric Thinking Essay How does conducting research move you away from the problem of egocentric thinking that was discussed on page 21 in the Paul and Elder critical thinking booklet? As humans we are sometimes stuck in our own beliefs. We believe what we are told and what we’ve always known. â€Å"We do not naturally appreciate the point of view of others nor the limitations in our own point of view† (Simmons, 2011). By conducting research, we are able to encounter other views that are more factual with actual research behind it. We only have so much to offer based on our experiences. If we research other’s work from around the world, we are now open to so many more possibilities. A critical thinker is one that would research often to find multiple perspectives and then take that information to form an educated response. A non-critical thinker would be the one to stick to their own beliefs based on what they know from personal experience. * How might conducting your inquiry research project contribute to your professional knowledge base, rather than relying on your intuitive knowledge base to make decisions? By conducting my own inquiry research project, I will be able to see many perspectives and ideas related to my topic by professionals from all over. Because I am a new teacher, I really rely on other’s work because they’ve had so much more experience than me. They’ve put in the time for all that research that I would have never known otherwise. We all live in different areas so my research results may only work for the student’s in my area. It’s important to get a variety of research so that you can compile them to get a more well-rounded result. How does the skill of making decisions based on critically reviewing and conducting research differentiate you as a professional educator? By making decisions based on reviewing and research, differentiates me because I am not just taking what I know from my own classroom and sticking with what I know. I am able to research professional articles to open my mind and allow new ideas in. A teacher that researc hes often and tries new ideas in their classroom, will have more of an impact and become a better-rounded professional with much more to add to this profession. We will write a custom essay sample on Egocentric Thinking specifically for you for only $16.38 $13.9/page Order now We will write a custom essay sample on Egocentric Thinking specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer We will write a custom essay sample on Egocentric Thinking specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer

Library Information System Essays

Library Information System Essays Library Information System Essay Library Information System Essay Information System: We are living in the 21st century which is known as the †computer age†, where almost every kind of work is carried out with the help of computer. From the smallest work to the most critical works are carried out with the help of computers. What is more, now with increasing popularity of the internet many important applications have sprung up to make use of this wonderful technology. Many important applications have been designed with the view to communicate information to people all around the world. An information system is an open system that allows input and facilities interaction with the user. In our case †Library Information System† is an open system which allows taking input from the user provide interactive environment to have di? erent output according to user’s need. The library information system maintains the record of Library for the following purpose: 1. For day to day issuing of library books. 2. For fast retrieval of books information. 3. Maintaining information about journals, magazines ,newspapers etc. 4. Information about the vendor’s of books ,journals,newspaper. 5. To produce di? rent reports against di? erent query as per our need. 6. Information about the students and sta? to whom books has been issued. 7. Maintain the record of ? nes. 8. Maintain the record of billing the newspapers, journals etc. 9. Maintain the record maintenance of books. 10. Record of bindings of journals. 1 2. 1Introduction to Initial Investigation: Initial i nvestigation determines whether an alternative system can solve the problem. 2. 2Existing System The present library management system of AEC is to keep record of various books, journals, newspapers, magazines etc to whom they are issued and the vendors and ? es related to the books. The present Library system of AEC is manual, means the librarian maintain the various records in ? les. There is no computer based information system. 2. 3Drawback of the Existing System: The present library system of AEC keeps all its records in paper ? les, which lead to maintaining a lot of ? les and document. This take a lot of time, e? ort and space from the cost involved in it. The addition and maintenance of personnel details of new student to whom books are issued at the beginning of every session as well as the old students who are promoted to the next class, in paper ? es is tiresome, time consuming and costly a? air. The information is kept in an unstructured and unsystematic manner and scatt ered among huge number of ? les. So ? nding of speci? c information needs going through a lot of papers, as proper indexing system is not there. Apart from these, billing of newspapers, journals, calculating total ? ne collected at the end of the month ,year needs a lot of calculation. Then for generating reports separate manual type machine is employed. 2. 4Proposed System: The proposed system aims at making the above system automated and online. The computerized system allows the librarian to calculate the ? ne, the bill by just click of a mouse. The status of a book could be known by knowing the title or author or the accession number of the book. The library form can also be downloaded from it. The software is required to perform the tasks as narrated below: 1. Online membership. 2. Keeps the track of issues and submission of books. 3. Status of b book. 4. Status of a member. 5. Status of the student who has taken the book. 6. Status of the book yet to be returned. 7. Calculation of ? ne. Also various reports will be generated on these topics. The system is also required to provide for 3 levels of access. These are as follows: General User: They have permission to search books in library, change their own password, and can view their own details. Librarian: The librarian is allowed to add, delete and modify the various records related to books and members. He/she can issue books to users. In brief we can say that he/she can maintain the information of the system. Administrator: The administrator has the highest level of access. He/she can creates, modify and delete the account of a member. FEASIBILITY AND REQUIREMENT ANALYSIS 3. 1Introduction Feasibility study is carried to check the workability of the candidate system. It’s impact on the organizational ability to meet the user need and the e? ective use of the system. The object of the feasibility study is not to solve the problem but acquire a sense of its scope. During the study of the de? nition is centralized and aspect of the problem to be included in the system are determined. Consequently cost bene? ts are with great accuracy at this stage. The result of this feasibility study is a normal proposal. There are three key considerations involve in the feasibility study analysis. They are as follows: 3. 1. 1Economic Feasibility Economic Feasibility looks at the ? nancial aspects of the project. It is most frequently used technique for evaluating the e? ectiveness of a proposed system. Economic feasibility is more common known as Cost Bene? t Analysis. The procedure is to determine the bene? ts and savings that are expected from a proposed system and compare them with cost. It bene? t outweighs costs, a decision is taken to design and implement the system. Otherwise, further justi? cation or alternatives in the proposed system will have to be made if it to have a chance of being approved. The proposed system, no doubt require some initial investigation , but it will bene? t the organization in its long run in the form of reduce total number of employees, quick decision making capacity to the management to capture the market occur etc. So, we can say that our project will help the organization in ? nancial gaining at its long run and so it is economically feasible. So, the bene? t expected from the system is much more compared to the cost incurred in computerizing. Hence the system is economically feasible. 3. 1. 2Technical Feasibility Technical Feasibility determines whether the technology needed by the proposed system is available and how this technology can be integrated within the organization. The technical needs of the system may vary considerably but might include: 1. The facility to produce output in a given time 2. Response time under certain conditions 3. Ability to process a certain volume of transaction at a particular speed. 4. Facility to communicate data to distant location During examining the technical feasibility, we have given more importance to the con? guration of the system than the actual make of the hardware con? guration. It provides us a complete picture about our system requirements; like how many workstations are required, how these units are interconnected so that they could operate and communicate smoothly, what speed of input is achieved at particular quality of printing. The proposed system is technically feasible as it examined that the hardware and software is enough at the workplace to carry out the system and also can support addition. The proposed system presents a technically feasible picture since all the resources necessary for the developments of the system under considerations are present in the AEC Library. 3. 1. Operational Feasibility Proposed project are bene? cial only if they can be turned into information systems that will meet the operating requirements of the organization. In general, people resist to changes and computers have been known to facilitate change. An estimate should be made of how strong a reaction the user sta? is likely to have towards the development of a comp uterized system. It is common knowledge that computer installations have something to do with turnover ,transfer, retaining and changes in employee job status. Therefore it is understandable that the introduction of a candidate system requires special e? rt to educate, sell and train the sta? on new ways of conducting business. With the co-operation and understanding of the project development, the whole endeavor becomes not only di? cult but meaningless too. Hence, the operational feasibility is one of the vital factors for the overall success of the project. The proposed system is operationally feasible as: 1. Suitable codes are used to generate reports and queries 2. Although the client organization has not computerized the proposed system but most of the employees are quite familiar with the computer as they have other system already computerized. Moreover, we are providing user manual and help for better understanding and operating system. So , the proposed system is operationally feasible. 3. 1. 4Conclusion From the observation made in the feasibility study described above, it was recommended that proposed system is feasible and justi? ed that the feasibility study could be followed by the system analysis phase. 3. 2Requirement Analysis Information gathering is usually is the ? rst phase of software development project. The purpose of this is to identify and document the exact requirements for the system within the framework of the organization. The requirement analysis must be based upon the user need, the developer and the organization. 3. 2. 1Information Analysis There are four strategies available for determining information requirement. They are as follows: 1. Asking (interviewing) 2. Deriving from the existing information system 3. Review the written documents 4. Synthesizing from the characteristics of the running system In the purpose system the strategies asking and reviewing of the written documents has used for requirement analysis. Presently in the existing system all record are maintained manually. For the development of the proposed system review written documents has done the requirement analysis. Again rule and regulation of the management information system are determined by asking strategy to implement in the proposed system. 4. 1Hardware Requirements: 1. System Type : IBM compatible PC’s 2. Processor: Intel(R) Pentium(R) 4 processor 3. RAM: 512 MB 4. HDD: 40 GB 5. Monitor: Any standard color monitor 4. 2 Software Requirements: 1. Platform: Asp. Net 2. Language Used: C# 3. IDE Used: Microsoft Visual Studio 2008 4. Database: SQL Server 2005 5. OS Used: Windows XP 6. Internet Browser: Any web browser . 3 Technology and Tools Used Microsoft Visual Studio 2008 In computing, Microsoft Visual Studio is an Integrated Development Environment (IDE) from Microsoft. It can be used to develop console and graphical user interface applications along with Windows Forms applications, web sites, web applications, and web services in both native code together with managed code for al l platforms supported by Microsoft Windows, Windows Mobile, Windows CE, . NET Framework, . NET Compact Framework and Microsoft Silver light. Visual Studio includes a code editor supporting IntelliSense as well as code re factoring. The integrated debugger works both as a source-level debugger and a machine-level debugger. Other built-in tools include a forms designer for building GUI applications, web designer, class designer and database schema designer. It accepts plug-ins that enhance the functionality at almost every levelincluding adding support for source-control systems and adding new toolsets like editors and visual designers for domain-speci? c languages or toolsets for other aspects of the software development lifecycle (like the Team Foundation Server client: Team Explorer). Visual Studio supports di? erent programming languages by means of language services, which allow the code editor and debugger to support (to varying degrees) nearly any programming language, provided a language-speci? c service exists. Built-in languages include C/C++ (via Visual C++), VB. NET (via Visual Basic . NET), C# (via Visual C#), and F# (as of Visual Studio 2010). Support for other languages such Python, and Ruby among others is available via language services installed separately. It also supports XML/ XSLT, HTML/ XHTML, JavaScript and CSS. Individual language-speci? versions of Visual Studio also exist which provide more limited language services to the user: Microsoft Visual Basic, Visual J#, Visual C#, and Visual C++. Microsoft provides †Express† editions of its Visual Studio 2010 components Visual Basic, Visual C#, Visual C++, and Visual Web Developer at no cost. Visual Studio 2010, 2008 and 2005 Professional Editions, along with languagespeci? c versions ( Visual Basic, C++, C#, J#) of Visual Studio 2005 are available for free to students as downloads via Microsoft’s Dream Spark program. Visual Studio 2010 is recently released. Designer Visual Studio includes a host of visual designers to aid in the development of applications. These tools include: Windows Forms Designer The Windows Forms designer is used to build GUI applications using Windows Forms. It includes a palette of UI widgets and controls (including buttons, progress bars, labels, layout containers and other controls) that can be dragged and dropped on a form surface. Layout can be controlled by housing the controls inside other containers or locking them to the side of the form. Controls that display data (like textbox, list box, grid view, etc. can be data-bound to data sources like databases or queries. The UI is linked with code using an eventdriven programming model. The designer generates either C# or VB. NET code for the application. WPF Designer The WPF designer, codenamed Cider, was introduced with Visual Studio 2008. Like the Windows Forms designer it supports the drag and drop metaphor. It is used to author user interfaces targeting Wi ndows Presentation Foundation. It supports all WPF functionality including data binding and automatic layout management. It generates XAML code for the UI. The generated XAML ? le is compatible with Microsoft Expression Design, the designer-oriented product. The XAML code is linked with code using a code-behind model. Web designer/development Visual Studio also includes a web-site editor and designer that allow web pages to be authored by dragging and dropping widgets. It is used for developing ASP. NET applications and supports HTML, CSS and JavaScript. It uses a codebehind model to link with ASP. NET code. From Visual Studio 2008 onwards, the layout engine used by the web designer is shared with Microsoft Expression Web. There is also ASP. NET MVC support for MVC technology as separate download and Dynamic Data project available from Microsoft Class designer The Class Designer is used to author and edit the classes (including its members and their access) using UML modeling. The Class Designer can generate C# and VB. NET code outlines for the classes and methods. It can also generate class diagrams from hand-written classes. Data designer The data designer can be used to graphically edit database schemas, including typed tables, primary and foreign keys and constraints. It can also be used to design queries from the graphical view. Mapping designer From Visual Studio 2008 onwards, the mapping designer is used by LINQ to SQL to design the mapping between database schemas and the classes that encapsulate the data. The new solution from ORM approach, ADO. NET Entity Framework, replaces and improves the old technology. Properties Editor The Properties Editor tool is used to edit properties in a GUI pane inside Visual Studio. It lists all available properties (both read-only and those which can be set) for all objects including classes, forms, web pages and other items. Object Browser The Object Browser is a namespace and class library browser for Microsoft . NET. It can be used to browse the namespaces (which are arranged hierarchically) in managed assemblies. The hierarchy may or may not re? ect the organization in the ? le system. Solution Explorer In Visual Studio parlance, a solution is a set of code ? les and other resources that are used to build an application. The ? les in a solution are arranged hierarchically, which might or might not re? ect the organization in the ? le system. The Solution Explorer is used to manage and browse the ? les in a solution. Team Explorer Team Explorer is used to integrate the capabilities of Team Foundation Server, the Revision Control System into the IDE (and the basis for Microsoft’s Code Plex hosting environment for open source projects). In addition to source control it provides the ability to view and manage individual work items (including bugs, tasks and other documents) and to browse TFS statistics. It is included as part of a TFS install and is also available as a download for Visual Studio 2005 and 2008. Team Explorer is also available as a stand-alone environment solely to access TFS services. Data Explorer Data Explorer is used to manage databases on Microsoft SQL Server instances. It allows creation and alteration of database tables (either by issuing T-SQL commands or by using the Data designer). It can also be used to create queries and stored procedures, with the latter in either T-SQL or in managed code via SQL CLR. Debugging and IntelliSense support is available as well. Server Explorer The Server Explorer tool is used to manage database connections on an accessible computer. It is also used to browse running Windows Services, performance counters, and Windows Event Log and message queues and use them as data source. Microsoft SQL Server 2005 SQL Server 2005 (codenamed Yukon), released in October 2005, is the successor to SQL Server 2000. It included native support for managing XML data, in addition to relational data. For this purpose, it de? ned an xml data type that could be used either as a data type in database columns or as literals in queries. XML columns can be associated with XSD schemas; XML data being stored is veri? ed against the schema. XML is converted to an internal binary data type before being stored in the database. Specialized indexing methods were made available for XML data. XML data is queried using XQuery; CLR Integration was the main features with this edition where one could write SQL code as Managed Code these are those code which are being executed by CLR (Common Language Runtime). SQL Server 2005 added some extensions to the T-SQL language to allow embedding XQuery queries in T-SQL. In addition, it also de? nes a new extension to XQuery, called XML DML that allows querybased modi? cations to XML data. SQL Server 2005 also allows a database server to be exposed over web services using TDS packets encapsulated within SOAP (protocol) requests. When the data is accessed over web services, results are returned as XML. For relational data, T-SQL has been augmented with error handling features (try/catch) and support for recursive queries (Common Table Expressions). SQL Server 2005 has also been enhanced with new indexing algorithms and better error recovery systems. Data pages are check summed for better error resiliency, and optimistic concurrency support has been added for better performance. Permissions and access control have been made more granular and the query processor handles concurrent execution of queries in a more e? cient way. Partitions on tables and indexes are supported natively, so scaling out a database onto a cluster is easier. SQL CLR was introduced with SQL Server 2005 to let it integrate with the . NET Framework. SQL Server 2005 introduced †MARS† (Multiple Active Results Sets), a method of allowing usage of database connections for multiple purposes. 5. 1Introduction: The design process translates requirements into a representation of the software that can be assessed for quality before coding begins. Once the requirements have been collected and analyzed, it is necessary to identify in detail how the system will be constructed to perform the necessary tasks. The design activity is often divided into 2 separate phases. One is system design and the other is detail design. System Design: System design aims to identify the modules that should be in the system, the speci? cation of these modules and how they interact with each other to produce the desired result. System design describes what components are needed. Detail Design: During detail design the internal logic of the modules speci? ed in the system design is decided. Detail design focuses on designing the logic of each of the modules. Detail design describes how the components identi? ed during system design can be implemented on the system. 5. 2System Design The web enable system for Asaam Engineering College Library has at present three modules with a number of sub modules. The following system design documents focuses detail on these modules and the speci? cation of these modules. The software modules of this web enable system are : Administrator Module 1. Create and delete account 2. System backup 3. View record Member Module 1. View record 2. Compile record 3. Enter record 4. Update record 5. Delete record 6. Generate reports User Module 1. View record 5. 3Detail Design During detailed design the internal logic of each of the modules speci? ed in system design is decided. The main aim of the detail design is to explain how the system work or how the ? ow of data takes place within the system. Detailed design deals with system speci? cation. 5. 3. 1 Abstract Representation of the proposed system Before making the detailed design of a system, ? rst the most abstract representation of the problem is worked out. The following use case diagram gives the working of the proposed system. 5. 3. 2The Uni? d Modeling Language: The uni? ed modeling language (UML) is a language just as sure as C, C++, Pascal, German, English etc. And the UML is probably the newest languages invented by human kind, invented around 1997. The UML is used to build models that will later be used to build real products, in our case Software. A model is a collection of text and diagram that represents something. A model is to software that a blueprint is to a house. Models are valuable for many speci? c reasons. Models are valuable because they consist of pictures to a large extent and even simple pictures can convey a lot of message then a lot of text. The UML is an o? cial de? nition of a pictorial language where there are common symbols and relationships that have one common meaning. The UML supports all aspects of SDLC from requirements gathering to design to development. There are mainly types of diagrams in the UML. The major types are: 5. 3. 1. 1Use Case Diagrams: Use case diagrams are a part of the requirements gathering process and are used in highlevel design to identify fundamental requirements of a system. It describes the participants and is also helpful in developing test plans. A use case’s main symbols are the actor and the use case oval. Use case diagrams are called the mother of all other diagrams of the UML. It gives the static view of a system and focuses on goals not processes. 5. 3. 1. 2Activity Diagram: Activity diagram are like ? ow charts but are more ? exible by supporting parallel application and by dividing areas of responsibility into swim lanes. Activity diagrams are used to analyze processes and if necessary, perform re-engineering. 5. 5 Data Tables A database is a collection of inter-related data, stored with minimum redundancy to serve many users quickly and e? ciently. The primary objectives of a database are fast response time to queries, more information at low cost, control redundancy, clarity and ease of use, accuracy and integrity of the system, fast recovery, privacy and security of information, data and program independence and availability of powerful end user language. The heart of a database is the DBMS. System analysis clears that all data used by process must be derived directly from input documents and reports are to be retrieved from the database ? les. The database of Library Information System† is a collection of di? erent types of information. So it has di? erent tables to access the information easily and e? ciently. Also the data redundancy is checked in the database. To get a nice understanding of the database, we have divided the database into several tables which are as follows. 1. Book Information: The Book Information store the all related information regarding a book. Table 1: Book Information ELEMENT NAME DATA TYPE CONSTRAINT Accession no nvarchar Not null Title nvarchar Not null Author nvarchar Not null Publisher nvarchar Not null Volumme nvarchar Not null Edition year nvarchar Not null nvarchar Not null Source 2. Member Information: Member Information table store the details of a member. The member may be a student, stu? or the librarian. 3. Card Inforamtion: This table stores the information regarding a card. 4. Transaction Table:: This table stores the transaction information of a book. Table 2: Member Information ELEMENT NAME DATA TYPE CONSTRAINT Member id nvarchar Not null nvarchar Not null Roll no Name nvarchar Not null nvarchar Not null Branch Session nvarchar Not null Town/Vill nvarchar Not null nvarchar Not null Dist Table 3: Card Information ELEMENT NAME DATA TYPE CONSTRAINT Card no nvarchar Not null nvarchar Not null Issue date Due date nvarchar Not null Table 4: Transaction Table ELEMENT NAME DATA TYPE CONSTRAINT User id nvarchar Not null Accesion no nvarchar Not null Issue date nvarchar Not null Return date nvarchar Not null Due date nvarchar Not null 5. User Login Form: This table contains data regarding log in information. Table 5: Transaction Table ELEMENT NAME DATA TYPE CONSTRAINT User id nvarchar Not null nvarchar Not null password roles nvarchar Not null Database normalization for the Library Information System The Library Information System is normalized up to BCNF (Boyee Coded Normal Form). st Normal Form: No column in the database contains multiple values, so the database is in the 1st Normal Form. 2nd Normal Form: Every Non key attributes fully functionally dependant on the primary key. Hence it is in 2nd Normal form. 3rd Normal Form: All non key columns do not depend on any other columns . Hence the database is in 3rd Normal Form. 4th Normal Form: A relation R is in BCNF if and only if every determinant is a candidate ke y. All the tables in the Library Information System ful? ll the condition. Hence the database is in BCNF. 6. 1Introduction: A system should always be tested thoroughly before implementing it with regards to its individual programs, the system as a whole, user acceptance etc. This is because implementing a new system is a major job which requires a lot of manpower, time and other resources. There are many levels of testing which ultimately leads to an error free system. The testings which are carried out is described below: 6. 1. 1 Program Testing: The program testing is carried out during the programming stages itself to test the logical and syntax error. 6. 1. 2 Unit Testing: In the unit testing di? rent modules were tested against the speci? cation produced during design of the module. When this testing was done with di? erent modules, some errors were detected and debugged and when modules were found to be working properly independently, next round of testing was followed. 6. 1. 3 String Testing: String testing is a method in which each program is tested to see whether it conforms to the related progra ms in the system. Each portion of the library management system was tested against the entire module with both test and live data before the entire system is ready to test. 6. 1. 4 System Testing: It was done to uncover the weakness that was not found during string testing. The whole system tested to see whether it works properly with valid and invalid data. The system was also tested for recovery after various major failures such as power failure etc. 6. 1. 5 Acceptance Testing: It is the system testing and performance tests performed by the customer to determine whether or not to accept the system. The library information system was accepted by the system. Implementation includes those activities that take place to convert the older system to the new one. The new system may be totally new or replacing an existing. In either case proper modi? cation is essential to provide a reliable system to meet the organization requirements. System implementation describes how the di? erent parts of the system are interacting with each other to give us a feasible software solution. The project is implemented on 3-tier architecture. It is installed on SQL server and which can be accessed by all users. This application is secured by putting user name and password, a user has to enter login details to the system. Figure 1: How the Application works The web server receives a request for some processing. Depending on the sent request the web server passes the request is forwarded to the respective request handler class and after the processing is done. The required data is fetched from the database, the required result i. e. response is passed to the client. Any further request from the client to the server goes through the same procedure. Once the software is developed, delivered and deployed, it enters the maintenance phase. Changes are inevitable when computer based systems are built, therefore mechanism for evaluating, controlling, and making modi? cations has to be adopted. These are called the maintenance activities they include: 1. Corrective Maintenance 2. Adaptive Maintenance 3. Perfective Maintenance or enhancement 4. Perfective Maintenance or reengineering Software may have some errors or bugs remaining in the system that must be removed as they are discovered. This is called corrective maintenance. Once the software system is deployed, the environment in which it operates changes. The software must adapt to the changed environment. The maintenance due to this phenomenon is called the adaptive maintenance. Software must be upgraded and enhanced to include more features and provide more services. As a result new versions of the software are released. This is called perfective maintenance or software enhancement. Reengineering is a rebuilding activity for added functionality, better performance and reliability, and improved maintainability of the software product. Unmaintainable software is subjected to rebuild following a reengineering process model. CONCLUSION 9. 1Introduction: The main concerns of the software development are software quality, programmer’s productivity and increase job satisfaction. The fundamental problems of software development are control of complexity, the lack of physical constraints, and boundaries in software and tendency to mix concerns that belong to di? rent level of abstraction. Finally, it is a people intensive activity for developing software for its use by other people. The †Library Information System† is designed and developed to satisfy the organization needs as far as possible. The Library Information System has built after an extensive research and evaluation of the existin g manual system. The main aim of the system is to maintain the records of the membership registration and the book issued to the member with the very best of accuracy and e? ciency. The purpose system is economically, technically and behaviorally feasible and is incorporated with some security measure so hat only authorized personal can manipulate the record. While developing this software we have tried to consider all the points, may be due to time constraint we may miss some valuable points for which we apologize to the concerned people. Any comments or suggestion that can improve the software are welcome. 9. 2 Overview of the System The proposed system covers the following area and processes: 1. Member’s registration 2. To maintain the record of individual member’s in detail 3. Status of the book. 4. No. of books available subject wise. 5. User friendly interfaces. Limitation of the Propose System The limitations of the purpose system are as follows: 1. † The system cannot give information about the vendors. 2. The data implementation with SQL server. 3. Security consideration and implementation is left to the database . administrator. 4. Need the help of manual system. 9. 4Scope and Further Enhancement of the Propose System: 1. The process of maintaining the detail information of the vendor can be included. 2. More enhancements can be identi? ed when the system is in the operation or used by di? rent users. ABSTRACT This report describes our group’s implementation of an online library information system. We used the Entity-Relationship model to design a database that will store and organize the library’s data. We have created the database using SQL and populated it with some sample data. The system can keep track of library cards, users, librarians, administrator, books and the relationships betwee n them. Using ASP. NET with C#, we have created an Internet-based graphical user interface that allows users and librarians to access the system remotely

A need for offender Programs and Treatments before Release Research Proposal

A need for offender Programs and Treatments before Release - Research Proposal Example In fact, it is apparent that one of the major fueling factors to such incidences is the lack of self esteem, which is worsened by continued psychological torture. Studies have documented that such people can be helped by a way of instilling some appropriate programs that can mentor them. If this is done, Alabama Department of Corrections would benefit from advantages accrued to the use of these programs in terms of helping the offenders correct their behaviors. This has the end results of reducing prison overcrowding. In essence, this is true because once an offender is subjected into these programs; he/she is able to start a new life free from crimes. Although the criminal justice system helps the community by arresting and incarcerating criminals, it is apparent that there are many criminals walking freely in the streets. Some of these criminals are associates of incarcerated persons (May, 2008). In this regard, if the incarcerated persons are reformed through offender programs and prelease programs, they can influence their uncaught counterparts in changing their behaviors. Therefore, this goes a long way in enhancing security and sanity in the community. It is also apparent that once these measures have been taken by Alabama Department of Corrections, other correctional centers will emulate steps taken by Alabama Department of Corrections in order to advance their services too. In fact, this translates to savings by government. For example, it is evident that correctional facilities consume a lot of Dollars annually in the bid to reform offenders. In light with this, the government can save the money used to reform offenders since the number of cases of recidivism will be reduced by the introduction of offender programs and preleases treatment. Furthermore, studies have also suggested that states with high levels of crimes experience low economic growth. Therefore, the findings of this research will help to develop a framework that can elucidate the use of offender programs and prelease treatment, which in turn will be of great help to the economic development of Alabama State. The budget With these facts tabled, it is apparent that this research is indispensable. However, there are some requirements for the research to take place. One of them is the ability by the researcher o gather comprehensive data both from literatures and fast hand information, which is intended to be obtained from offenders, former incarcerated persons, and officers from Alabama Department of Corrections. For this to happen, the research would require enough time and resources to carryout the research. The first ingredient of the budget involves project/research planning. It is vital to carefully plan on such an important project. This will involve outlining the project and making all necessary consultations from relevant authorities. The first group of people to consult/confirm their participation in the study is the offenders and ex-offenders. In order to ac hieve this, phone call, and several visits will be required. This translates to spending money in terms of fares and airtime to use on calls and other resources. It is also important to visit several libraries in order to gather some information on theories that articulate on crime and behavior. This means that the research will

Final Exam - Case Analysis Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

Final Exam - Case Analysis - Essay Example It is imperative that these professionals understand that once they incorporate the organization it will be operating under the laws regulating any other business entity and this therefore calls for critical scrutiny of the advantages and disadvantages of such a move. The group is likely to derive a number of benefits from the incorporation that include; Separate Legal Entity: an incorporated organization has a distinct legal personality from its members. In this respect it is can sue and be sued in its individual capacity. This is important to these professionals since they will be provided by a formal legal status. Incorporation will also lead to Limited Liability on the part of the members of the organization (Hopkins, 1417). In this case the professionals will not be personally liable for the debts and obligations of the organization with exception of some circumstances where the directors may incur personal liability. The organization is entitled to perpetual existence and in th is case even if members change, this noble organization will continue to exist unless dissolution is to be executed in line with the Companies Act. Once the members incorporate the organization they will be able to own property in the name of the organization’s name. ... s organization is likely to enjoy is eligibility to be exempted from some federal and state corporate income taxes in addition to other taxes (Hopkins, 21). Other miscellaneous benefits that can be derived from incorporating this group into a nonprofit making organization is possible real and personal property taxes exemptions, cheaper advertising rates, relatively cheaper postal rates and broadcast announcements and advertisements. The professionals also need to look into the demerits of incorporating this organization as a not for profit entity. Among the challenges the organization is likely to encounter are a lot of paper work in various forms. There is the cost of hiring legal officers to help in preparing the incorporation papers, energy and time required for compliance with the legal regulatory guidelines to grow the organization. The team will also have to grapple with restrictions on nonpayment of directors, no lobbying or engagement in political campaigns and when the organ ization is to wind up all the property are to be transferred to another nonprofit making entity (Hopkins, 21). The team of professionals in this case need to analyses and compare the merits and demerits and make an informed decision. This is a team of professionals offering educational services to various people in different social settings. As a nonprofit making organization it would be advisable to incorporate it as educational and literacy society. This will fit the educational and literacy services they offer as professionals in different disciplines in the society. This would be suitable and a viable venture since they have already undertaken field test and proved able with positive client feedback. It is mandatory that for them to incorporate the organization some legal procedure must

No topic Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words - 1

No topic - Essay Example For America, the 1960s was a year of assassinations. Really the only time since the 19th century that political assassinations had been successful, these assassinations made a scar on the American psyche. Two of the most important of these assassinations occurred in the year 1968, very close to each other. The first was the assassination of Martin Luther King Jr., the bold civil rights leader who had inspired millions of black Americans and help end segregation and vicious Jim Crowe laws in the south, especially with the passing of civil rights legislation in 1964. Shortly following Mr. King’s assassination, Robert Kennedy, then presidential candidate, was also shot dead. These assassinations changed the way public figures had to interact with the public, and, along with president Kennedy’s assassination earlier in the decade, caused a shift in which much greater barriers were put up between public figures and the general population, out of necessity. These assassinatio ns were indicative of the social upheaval that climaxed in the year 1968. Many of the best known protest movements of the 1960s had major expressions in this year. For one thing, the year saw protest movements and civil disturbances at a number of universities, including â€Å"one of the largest† at Howard university, which built up to the eventual protest and massacre at Kent State two years later (Forner 884). These were based around a number of issues, but the biggest was the growing opposition to the Vietnam war. Vietnam War opposition may have peaked several years after 1968, but this was probably the year that shifted public perception to being almost entirely negative. Many factors caused this shift, including growing American casualties. Some of the most culturally important, however, may have been the massacres that occurred and became public knowledge over the course of 1968. The most famous of these may have been the My Lai massacre, in which American forces killed somewhere in the order of 500 civilian Vietnamese, while South Korean forces were also accused of massacres elsewhere in the country. These massacres were recorded and broadcast to America through photography at a rate unprecedented in former wars – photographs of these sorts would be essential at turning public opinion against wars in general, and against Vietnam in particular. Question 2: How did Vietnam and the Watergate Scandal effect trust in the government? Vietnam and the Watergate scandal were both devastating to public trust in government offices. Vietnam was a long and slow erosion whereas the Watergate scandal was something of an immediate drop in public perception of the government. Vietnam, over the long term, was probably the more damaging (from the government’s perspective) of the two. The fact is that the Vietnam war was seen as a debacle in nearly every front. It was expensive both monetarily in terms of lives lost, while providing almost no benefit. Worse, it made the United States seem like butchers and villains both on the international stage and to civilians back home – people saw the â€Å"realities of warfare† (991), which, especially with a conscripted force, involve things like massacres, rapes, and other brutalities that people were not able to handle. This war made Americans suspect of

Effective Social Work Approaches

Effective Social Work Approaches To practice without a theory is to sail an uncharted sea; theory without practice is not to set sail at all Susser 1968 cited in Lishman, 2005 pg 87. Therefore, this essay uses the task centred approach and the solution focused therapy to explain what is happening in the Banks family and how it affects Mark. It will predict Marks future behaviour and it will suggest a plan of actions for intervention in order to make a difference in Marks life. The problems identified in the banks family are; Marks bullying behaviours, both at school and at home, his failure to form relationships with his counterparts, and lack of progress in his education. The essay will discuss the similarities and differences in the identified theories. It will also investigate the advantages and disadvantages of each of the theories. At the same time, the essay will explain how the concept of the anti discriminatory practice can be employed to underpin the interventions whilst using the identified theories. Theoretically, Social work is influenced by the relationship between theory and practice from different perspectives in meeting the clients unique needs in a desired situation and at a particular period of time (Coulshed, 1988). Again, applying theory to practice involves different schools of thought whereas practitioner-client relationship maybe a difficult subject (Taylor and Devine, 1993). However the mandate here is to explain two major theories or approaches but highlights on a third is necessary. Firstly, Solution focused approach developed by Ericksons (1963) and De Shazer (1972) at the therapy centre in Milwaukee, Wisconsin. The theory is regarded as a positive solution building approach focusing on the client. Clearly the aim is to explore the principles of anti-oppressive practice and involving the client in finding a solution to their problems. This approach does not focus on the past but what is happening in the present and future. It is focusing on two important issues, supporting clients to preferably explore their own future and taking into consideration when, where, with whom and how is it all happening to reach the desired outcomes in a shortest route. The features of solution based approach is to keep the client at the centre of their activity and encouraging them to bring about problems that need attention, furthermore, move from the problems to make slight changes in their behaviour and make some improvements. Nevertheless, it is assumed that clients feel part of their problems. The key concept of this approach is that focus is based upon the here and know with positive thinking and avoiding pre-judgmental. Above all solution based approach has no time limit as it tries to move from the centre to where clients can feel happier by reducing the problems step by step. In another of school of thought, task-centred approach has been considered as a structured way of working with clients in a time limit framework. The most important part of the task-centred approach is partnership and empowerment; this involves two or more people working with a common purpose. Moreover, this theory builds on clients strength and avoids talking about their faults by providing the necessary help they need. According to coulshed (1988), those trying to bring about models for ethnic-sensitive practice favour task-centred approach that promotes anti-oppressive practice (Doel and marsh, 1992). Task centred is unique in that it breaks down the problems into small manageable components, it involves the social worker and the service user identifying the main problem(s) and then working out how to reformulate them in to easily manageable tasks. After the tasks have been agreed the next step is to divided them between the social work and the service user and then decide who is going to work on which task and over what period of time. Using this approach the social worker and service user look very closely at the presenting problem(s) and reformulating them into a range of small practical tasks. The task centred approach fits together well with anti discriminatory practice because it encourages the social worker to do what they do best by bring their expertise into the relationship and work alongside the service user. Okitikpi et al, (2010) argues that the core aspects of the task centered approach that include working with partnership, collaboration, service users strengths, building on confidence, systematic and responsive communication are the same core elements that characterise ADP. Task-centred approach is seen to be effective with interpersonal concerns like those of mark. (Ramos and Tolson 2008 cited in Hepworth 2010 pg 379) Says that this theory is, incompatible with mandated clients who refuse help or are unable to identify changes that they wish to change. By direct contrast, the third approach, Attachment theory by Bowlby (1973) which grew out of rejection of some aspects of psychoanalysis and childhood raring with no separation could have been used but it is not relevant in this case study. Examining the influence of the task-centre approach and the solution-focused therapy, there are similarities and differences which have to be highlighted. Firstly, the case scenario of the Banks family clearly indicates that there need to be an intervention process by using the task-centred approach or solution-focused approach. Ride and Epstein (1972) hypothesised on the task-centred approach as effective and more durable. Time-limit on the approach shows that changes could occur rapidly as all participants are motivated (Maslow, 1943). This involves eight areas of concern among which Behavioural problems, reactive emotional distress and difficulty in role performance are selected target problem areas. However, there are steps to be taken in task-centred approach: The first step is problem exploration, Agreement; second step is, formulating an objective, achieving the task(s), and finally terminations stage. To start with there were behavioural problems identified in the case of Mar k, like yelling, fighting and disruptive. But as required the focus here is to move from what is wrong to what is needed to be done. Similar to the task centred approach is the solution focused approach; it is action oriented and uses a number of strategic questions to find out the solution to a series of problems that the client has. (Trepper et al 2006) cited in Hepworth (2010. Pg. 356). When using TCA with minors like Mark, the tasks involved in this are that there is need to work with the parents and teachers in a collaborative and anti-oppressive way to solve the problems, discuss basic care needs interest in how to help Mark to do his work in class, and work on his tantrums and arguments, discuss with parents how to get Mark to interact with other children and make arrangements for Mark to visit his father in order to came him down. (Enos 2008) cited in Hepworth (2010. Pg. 357) argues that lack of mandated contact from a family member can cause fear, a sense of failure, concer ns about status and use the attitudinal weapons at their disposal may react with anger and a minimum refuse to cooperate. Marks parents need to reduce his inappropriate behaviour by developing skills to improve parent-child relationships for instance, listening and negotiating skills, teach Mark skills of approaching others, how to introduce himself, interact with others by engaging in conversations. In evaluating the two approaches in the scenario there are advantages and disadvantages. In the solution-focused therapy, Mark is the focus and his self esteem is promoted. The problem is the primary concern not the client. SFA offers a positive approach working with the service users. The emphasis of engaging the service user to talk about solutions not just problems is an empowering method. The commitment to service users empowerment, a focus on strengths and service users capacities towards improving their situations and reaching solutions is a significant contribution. In contrast, there is negative focus and there will be problem as poor communication skills will lead to poor practice by social workers. Some aspects of the SFA have been criticised for being directive in nature in particular the assessing of tasks and the emphasis on solutions. Research conducted by the family therapist using the approach revealed discrepancies between the clients experiences and the observations made by their therapists related to the outcomes, (Metcalf et al 1996) (Cited in Hepworth 2010 pg.406). Storm (1991) and Lipchik (1997) cited in Hepworth 2010 pg. 406) maintain as a result of their work the primary focus on adherence to solution was embarrassing to some clients. The positive trust of the approach prevents the service user from discussing their real problems and to avoid talking about their concerns. In the task-centred approach, the problem is the main concern not Mark. He is empowered, considering his self esteem and independence. The approach is short termed and time-limited. In contrast, there is lack of motivation in this approach, the underlying problem has not been addressed, there is tendency that social workers might force Mark through coaching as to complete tasks. Payne (1997) cited in Wilson et al (2008 pg371) suggests task centred approach may not be effective in situations where there are constant difficulties, where long-term psychological problems are the main issues or where users do not accept the right of the social worker or the agency to be involved. Reflecting in this case scenario it is seen that Ken comes from a dysfunctional family which made him spend most of his teenage life in the care of the local authority and this may have affected him psychologically and he may not want to cooperate with the social worker in order to make the approach effective. Doel and Marsh (1992) suggest the service users ability to think and reason is a key ingredient to the success of the approach. In those cases where social work is appropriate but where the reasoning is impaired such as people with considerable learning difficulties or great degree of confusion, task-centred work is often not possible in direct work with that person, (Doel and Marsh 1942 cited in Wilson et al 2008 pg 99). However in the case scenario all the family members are in sound mental state so the approach is suitable. A further disadvantage of task-centred is that where a wide range of problems is experienced, each of which interacts with other problems which threaten to over whelm the family the approach seems rather a weak response. It is argued that unless one is able to deal with problems on many fronts, the combination of these problems will continue to undermine the functioning of family members. For example if one family member has the capacity to reason, but when other members of the family are not prepared to engage in the same process and consistently undermine the efforts of the social worker and service user, the approach may not achieve much. In relation to the case scenario the approach will not be effective if Mark who has multiple problems refuses to cooperate. In conclusion effective social work practice is based on principles and the application of theories or approaches give to different explanations and lead to different practice (Howe, 1987). According to research in to service-users views of social work practice has highlighted that effective practice depends on the combination of good interpersonal skills and clear, organised practice. It is argued that when social work activities are clearly focused, problems clearly identified and specified goals set with service users, then studies produce positive results. This essay has looked at two approaches and how they can be used by a social worker to help engage the Banks family in order to get the necessary support to improve Marks behaviour problems.